ABSTRACT. 1 Abstract How does one perceive a space as therapeutic, and why? This paper investigates the link between the perceived therapeutic experience and certain affects of the space. Also, the context of therapeutic experience is closely examined to add further insight. This research is situated between subjectivism and postmodernist constructivism paradigm; it argues that the experience of a therapeutic space is subject to one’s perception where one may see and feel the space differently from one another, in which the particular underlying socio-historical conditions can be analysed and interpreted. Using autoethnography as the method, first, the researcher’s own experience of therapeutic spaces are narrated in short vignettes accompanied by visual representations. Each narrative explores the subjective elements of the (non)therapeutic experience, including and beyond sensorial qualities, as the researcher’s body relates to a space. These vignettes are then examined through narrative and contextual analyses to reveal emerging themes and how they contribute to the construction of the therapeutic experience of a space. 1.1 Background Sensorial quality of a space is a particular way one perceives a space. While it refers to some physical states (stimulated tactile or olfactory senses), it can also refer to some mental states (calming or stressful emotions). One perceives a space “in virtue of having those states” (Clark, 1996, p. 2). Inherently, spatial perception is conditional to various internal states of the subject. Similarly, affect in architecture can be understood as one's subjective reaction to the built environment. Anderson (2009, p. 80) discusses the concept of affective atmosphere in conjunction with emotions and bodies: […] atmospheres are spatially discharged affective qualities that are autonomous from the bodies that they emerge from, enable and perish with. As such, to attend to affective atmospheres is to learn to be affected by the ambiguities of affect/emotion, by that which is determinate and indeterminate, present and absent, singular and vague.

Furthermore, Thrift defines affect as "the property of the active outcome of an encounter, takes the form of an increase or decrease in the ability of the body and alike to act" (2004, p. 62) and is "a sense of push in the world" (2004, p. 64). This definition connotes the scale beyond personal when discussing affect as “something that is pushing, pulling or lifting us to feel, think, or act” (Kraftl & Adey, 2008, p. 215), and suggest that affect can be understood at the personal, subjective dimension as well as broader socio-historical context. Therefore, the process of delaminating which sensorial quality or affect contributes to the composition of a therapeutic space can heavily rely on one’s subjective perception of a space that is constructed within the conceptual (such as cultural, political and local) framework. 1.2 Methodology The majority of architectural research on the therapeutic or healing architecture of late has been focused on the concept of ‘evidence-based design’. The evidence-based design borrows the concept of ‘evidence-based medicine’ or ‘evidence-based practice’ within the healthcare profession (Hamilton, 2003; Martin, 2000). The focus of the evidence-based design is directed to the healthcare facility planning and design decision-making process and studies the relationship between the design of the physical environment and outcomes in health (Ulrich et al., 2008). However, as evidence-based design focuses on quantifiable building performance data, post-occupancy surveys and measurable physical health outcomes, the discussion on theoretical frameworks and the question of how and why are often underwhelming.

This paper aims to address the gap by searching for the relationship between the perceived therapeutic experience and particular affects of the architecture. Taking a new phenomenological approach – die Neue Phänomenologie, founded by Hermann Schmitz, the felt body (Leib), and the personal situation (personale Situation) (Schmitz, Müllan, & Slaby, 2011) are key components of the theoretical framework for this research. Autoethnography as the method provides a structure to applying a new phenomenological approach: (a) Recounting the researcher’s own experience of the felt body (auto-) (b) Examining the personal situation where the researcher is “connecting the personal to the cultural” (Ellis & Bochner, 2000, p. 739) (-ethnography).

A variety of labels and scopes have been used to refer to autoethnographic applications in social science research, and there is a spectrum of scholars on what autoethnography should consist of (Chang, 2008). Anderson (2006) advocates for analytical, theoretical and objective approach, Ellis and Bochner (2006) for subjective, evocative and emotionally engaging, and Best (2006) for a balanced approach in between. However, there are limited cases of autoethnography being used in architectural research, and it is difficult to draw a conclusion on the most appropriate approach at this point.

This paper uses written vignettes and visual representations to collect narrative-based, subjective data on the spatial affect that the researcher finds therapeutic or non-therapeutic. The narratives consist of subjective elements of the (non)therapeutic experience, including and beyond sensorial qualities, as the researcher’s body relates to a space. These autoethnographic recordings aim to communicate the researcher’s personal experience effectively with others and to be examined through narrative and contextual analyses. The analyses will reveal emerging themes and provide insights on how they contribute to the perceived therapeutic experience of a space. The aim is to locate the researcher’s personal experience within the broader cultural and social context and gain information that may inform future architectural design processes.

1.3 The significance of the study While many autoethnographic studies are available within the broader topic of affect studies, the application of autoethnographic techniques to architecture discipline is relatively new. This research contributes to understandings of architecture’s intangible power, as an assemblage of affects, to positively effect one’s health and wellbeing in relation to the broader social context. It also furthers knowledge of autoethnography as a research method in spatial disciplines.  References Anderson, B. (2009). Affective atmospheres. 2(2), 77–81. Anderson, L. (2006). Analytic autoethnography. 35(4), 373–395. Best, J. (2006). What, we worry? The pleasures and costs of defective memory for qualitative sociologists. 35(4), 466–478. Chang, H. (2008). Autoethnography as method. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press, Inc. Clark, A. (1996). Sensory qualities. Clarendon, UK: Oxford University Press. Ellis, C., & Bochner, A. (2000). Autoethnography, personal narrative, reflexivity: Researcher as subject. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 733–768). London, UK: Sage. Ellis, C., & Bochner, A. (2006). Analyzing analytic autoethnography: an autopsy. 35(4), 429–499. Hamilton, K. (2003). The four levels of evidence-based design practice. 3(9), 18–26. Kraftl, P., & Adey, P. (2008). Architecture/affect/inhabitation: geographies of being-in buildings. 98(1), 213–231. Martin, C. (2000). Putting patients first: integrating hospital design and care. 356, 518. Schmitz, H., Müllan, R., & Slaby, J. (2011). Emotions outside the box - the new phenomenology of feeling and corporeality. 10(2), 241–259. Thrift, N. (2004). Intensities of feeling: towards a spatial politics of affect. 86(1), 57–78. Ulrich, R., Zimring, C., Zhu, X., Dubose, J., Seo, H., Choi, Y., … Joseph, A. (2008). A review of the research literature on evidence-based healthcare design. 1(3), 61–125.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the potentialities of action-research as a support for social intervention with older adults in daycare and residential care settings. The participatory action-research (PAR) methodology in the context of social education and intervention in adult daycare centers or residential care homes is based on the assumption that older adults are social actors, and thus they should be considered active participants in all actions and in research about their lives and contexts (e.g., Blair & Minkler, 2009). Therefore, their experiences and voices must be acknowledged. We emphasize that PAR methodology contributes to social transformation, toward the improvement of quality of life throughout the whole life cycle, by facilitating participation, questioning, involvement and empowerment of social actors (Ander-Egg, 1997; Cembranos, Montesinos, & Bustelo, 1988; Serrano, 2008). In the present paper, the discussion and reflections upon the potentialities of action-research as a support for social intervention with older adults are embedded in the presentation of two action-research projects, developed in the district of Porto, in the context of a master program in Social Education and Intervention, specialization in Psychossocial Action in Risk Contexts. In both projects, older adults in daycare centers and/or in residential care home, as well as professionals working in these contexts, were, together with the master students, coconstructers of the intervention projects, actively participating in context analysis, intervention design, and evaluation of the project. For the project evaluation, the CIPP model (Stufflebeam & Shinkfield, 1995) was used. The main technics used to collect data for the context analysis and evaluation were participant observation and intentional conversations. Problems and needs were prioritized by participants, considering the degree of importance and emergency, the available resources and potentialities, and the time for developing the project. The main purpose of the first project (INSERT NAME AND REFERENCE AFTER BLIND REVISION) was to promote a better quality of life for older adults, reducing their sense of isolation, loneliness and passivity, thus increasing their biopsychosocial well-being. To gradually achieve this crucial purpose, four main objectives were defined: (a) promote the (self)valorization of the skills of the older adults, enhancing their active participation and initiative; (b) expand the social network of the older adults and promote the establishment of more frequent social contacts; (c) strengthen positive interpersonal relationships contributing to social and emotional well-being; and (d) promote the more active involvement of professionals in the daily life of the older adults. Four main actions were developed, with the participation of a group that varied between five and 40 older adults, and frequently with the participation of one or two professionals and two students other than the social educator. Though main activities were developed in group setting, this project also included activities designed specifically with one older adult in close relation to his/her needs. The main purpose of the second project (INSERT NAME AND REFERENCE AFTER BLIND REVISION) was to promote well-being and personal and social development of the older adults, by improving interpersonal relationships and by increasing active participation in activities. Three main intervention actions were organized, with three general objectives: (a) promote more positive relationships between residents; (b) involve participants in organizing and leading the activities, valuing their own skills; and (c) encourage more frequent contacts between residents and their families. Two of the actions were planned to actively involve and empower older adults, and the structured activities had the participation of five to 10 adults; the third action intended to engage the older adults’ relatives. For both social interventions, core strategies were intentional conversations, group dynamics exercises, and group discussions. Other specific strategies were used in each of the projects. The PAR methodology and the CIPP model were crucial for a better and deeper knowledge of the social context, for the project design and development, as well as for its evaluation, with strong benefits for people involved, who were assumed as protagonists in seeking a change in their lives and institutions. If, in the beginning, the social educators (master students) had a crucial role in engaging other social actors, during the process their participation was increasingly easier and spontaneous. More specifically, in the first project, the results were perceived as significant by the participants, as they rose from a participatory reflexive process and also from team work among some of the professionals. So, and although it was highlighted as important to assure the project continuity, the establishment of more frequent and positive interpersonal relationships and the rise of new social contacts were seen as important steps to achieve an increased quality of life and to reduce loneliness and social isolation of the older adults. One of the important reflections of this project was related to staff involvement in the social intervention, as it was one of the main challenges and obstacles to its success. This difficulty was acknowledged, and reinforced the importance of a thoroughly and shared context evaluation (e.g., Stufflebeam & Shinkfield, 1995) by all participants, including the higher hierarchy in the institutions, in order to assure significant transformative processes. In the second project, one of the major results was to make the older adults’ voices listened, facilitating their active involvement, the improvement of their interpersonal relationships and the awareness of the participants regarding their influence in the process of change, contributing to their well-being, development, and empowerment. One of the main reflections was on the difficulty of (a) involving older adults with more severe cognitive difficulties, and (b) engaging families in the residence daily life. Also, the continuous difficulty in involving professionals in activities more closely related to older adults’ interests, not prioritized in the beginning, signaled out that evaluation of context may occur in different phases of a research-action project. Moreover, the option for the PAR methodology was seen by the social educators, in their role as master students and coauthors of this paper, as opportunities for self-growth and for the development of knowledge and skills essential for eliciting social participation in different professional contexts and, in particular, with older adults and professionals.

ABSTRACT. Introduction: Reduction of national health gaps and disparities among ethno-cultural populations has become a central international goal in the last decade, with a strong aspiration for a substantial improvement of global health services and of increasing their accessibility. Healthcare provision requires, beside physiological and bio-medical knowledge, deep acknowledgment of the socio-cultural components that are elemental social determinants of health. Recent decades of increased confrontation with marked health disparities of immigrants, aboriginals and other disenfranchised populations, have stimulated by the urge to identify and deal with cultural barriers (Mackenbach et al 2017). The mother and child peer-instructors and mediator's project: The state of Israel had been confronting with internal cultural and linguistic diversity barriers among ethno-cultural minority groups, as well as among immigrants. It is therefore important to expand our understanding of the interactions taking place in mediation, as well as increasing our understandings about management of mediation projects. Mediators and peer instructors have a pivotal role in accessing healthcare to diverse communities. Their position is indispensable for those who do not speak the Hebrew language. This research has focus on mediators who belong to the Arab-Bedouin minority in South Israel. They evoke special interest for being go-between actors, bridging between health providers and people from their own cultural background and communities, who own special perceptions and perspectives that influence health. Generally speaking, intercultural mediation concentrates on building a bridge between providers and consumers who belong to minority groups and who are deprived from dignified healthcare. Intercultural mediation is also acknowledged for being a "culturally sensitive skill", that allows encounters to be efficient, respectful and culturally adjusted. The present research took place in the context of preventive perinatal care services. The healthcare providers work in mother and child clinics (MCH), run and supervised by the Israeli ministry of health. The consumers of this maternal and child care are Arab-Bedouin women living in the south of Israel, receiving care at various stages of pregnancy and/or early infancy follow ups. Two main models of mediation: Previous works show two major approaches towards the role of mediation: The first is a pragmatic approach (Fisher & Ury, 1981) that aims to deliver messages and elaborated knowledge with emphasis on efficiency of delivery and achievement of compliance with institutional authoritative knowledge information; and the second is a transformative approach, that aspires to promote social justice and social change by inducing aware empowerment, self management and cognizant choice (Bush & Folger, 2005). In this paper we describe a long term project Arab-Bedouin women-mediators who were trained and employed at MCH clinics, to work with women as peer instructors and mediators. The present paper aims to describe departure from a pragmatic approach towards a more transformative mode. Method: "In doing research I am educating and being educated with the people" wrote Paulo Freire (1972, 1982, 2017). The project of the Arab Peer-instructors and mediators was created in 1995 and continued until recently. One of the authors of this paper accompanied the project between the years 2005-2015. It was a participatory project, on which she collaborated along with other representatives from the ministry of health and with members from the Faculty of Health Sciences at Ben Gurion University (FOH). The work included recruiting and training mediators, creating culturally adjusted health promotion materials, visiting the mediators at work, conducting educational trainings, and eventually, before the FOH ended its role and the project was shifted to another organization, in-depth interviews with each one of the mediators were conducted. Along with the second author, the interviews were transcribed, analyzed and theoretically articulated. In line with the work of Pranee Liamputtong (2010), this qualitative participatory action research was not created to simply produce knowledge, but mainly as a transformative process, promoting education, development of consciousness and mobilization of action and improving health. The outcome of this research is dedicated both for Bedouin pregnant women and mothers, as for health providers, project organizers, as well as for academic scholars involved in health education and health promotion research. This paper will focus on the analyses of eleven in-depth interviews with the women-mediators with the aim of understanding from their recount of the process they had experienced in the role of peer-instructors-mediators through this project. Findings: The paper will expand on the complexity of the position of women-mediators as members of a strictly patriarchal society that restricts women's reproductive agency and autonomy, and their aspiration of improving women's position through the acquisition of knowledge, improves their own social position and self esteem, and promoting change for Arab-Bedouin women. The paper discusses the delicate situation of women-mediators who are expected to fulfill their employer's pragmatic expectations and, at the same time, avoid conflict with traditional, religious and cultural prerogatives. Finally, the paper discusses the process of transition from plain pragmatism towards a more transformative operating mode, while questioning the limitations of transformative modes of operation of social change activities. The paper points on the importance of transformative modes of mediation while employing local mediators in health as well as in other health promotion activities. Conclusion: Transformative thinking expands the concept of mediation beyond the enhancement of instructing knowledge that enhances compliance to institutional prerogatives. It strives toward finding the most meaningful way for the consumers in maintaining their wellbeing. At the same time, it may provoke questions and challenges to traditional structures and convey social change. It includes the ability to negotiate the way consumers experience health with the ways they perceive as appropriate by health providers. Mediation entails encouraging social and communal supporting systems by building trust and ensuring institutional support that pays attention to diverse ways of life. Bibliography: 1. Bush, R. and Folger Joseph 2005 . The promise of mediation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 2. Fisher, R. and Ury W. (1981). Getting to yes: Negotiation Agreement Without Giving in. Houghton: Mifflin. 3. Liamputtong, Pranee (2010). Cultural sensitivity: The responsible researcher, pp. 58-108, In: Performing qualitative cross-cultural research, NY: Cambridge University Press. 4. Mackenbach, Johan P; Bopp, Matthias; Deboosere, Patrick; Kovacs, Katalin; Leinsalu, Mall; Martikainen, Pekka; Menvielle, Gwenn; Regidor, Enrique; de Gelder, Rianne (2017). Determinants of the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in mortality: a study of 17 European countries Health Place 47, 44-53, Elsevier. 5. Freire, Paulo (1972). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Harmonsdworth UK: Penguin. 6.

ABSTRACT. General objective: to reflect on the feelings that inspire students when read poems focused on experiences of clinical practice. Specific objectives: Identify the feelings and emotions caused by the reading of poems inspired by clinical experiences of the students individually (nursing poetry);To assess intersubjectively the feelings and emerging emotions induced by reading poems related to clinical experiences (sociopoetics) (Cody, 1995; Chocarro, 2013). Method: poems motivated in clinical experiences were used in the context of a nursing poetry workshop and sociopoetics with the purpose of facilitating the individual reflection of feelings and emotions and, subsequently, their intersubjective analysis (sociopoetic) (Santos 2005; Santos & Gauthier 1999; Holmes & Gregory, 1998; Siles, 2014, Siles, 2015; Siles & Solano, 2016). Likewise, the concept of "habitus" by Bordieu (1995) was used to promote awareness of the process of social construction of feelings. The theory of feelings was followed for categorization (Heller, 2004; Vigotsky, 2004). Context and sample: the unit of observation and analysis has been composed by the totality of the students n = 46 of the subject of the nursing degree "Culture of Cares, education for the development and critical thought" (2016/17). Development of the topic: The students when they read the poems remembers similar situations in their clinical practices and then, they make an effort to express the feelings derived from it. To express the feelings recalled, the student reflects and develops a narrative that ends up conferring a meaning to experiences and feelings. The result is the awareness of the feelings and certain objectification (sociopoetic) of the same to be exposed and valued intersubjectively or collectively. The confrontation between the "habitus" (personal world) and the prevailing institutional culture in the clinic where the practices (social space) are related, provokes the student's need to adapt. The feelings are derived from emotional responses to situations compromised by various aspects (deteriorated body image, physical or mental disability, dependency situations, etc.). Livneh (1982) maintains that feelings provoke aesthetic reactions of rejection or empathy in situations such as bodily deformities, pain, death, etc. On the other hand, clinical practices in the institutional environment must be considered. that responds to a cultural system where criteria that regulate behaviors as well as attitudes and feelings prevail. The primary emotions identified were: sadness (34,6%), fear (14%), angy (9,3%), joy (42,1%) (Figure 1). The secondary emotions identified were: love (45%), surprise (37%), shame (14%), aversión (4%). The feelings are divided into four categories: unpleasant: shyness, insecurity (42%), morals: duty, obligation (30.1%), aesthetics: the beautiful-sublime (7.9%), altruistic: Addiction , empathy, affection (9%) (Figure 3).

Figure 1. Primary emotions experienced by students in clinical practices

Figure 2. Secondary emotions experienced by students in clinical practices.

Figure 3. Feelings experienced by students in clinical practices

Conclusions: The poetry of the care facilitates the management of emotions and feelings that students experience during their clinical experiences. On the other hand, sociopoetics allows collective reflection on feelings facilitating intersubjective analysis and contributing to the objectification of them. Both the poetry of care and sociopoetics for the emotional management of students and the enhancement of the humanism of care. Keywords: nursing, emotional anthropology, nursing poetry, nursing aesthetics, sociopoetics

Abstracts for oral presentations should contain between 900 and 1000 words (excluding references); Abstracts for poster presentations should contain between 400 and 500 words (excluding references); Please consider the following guidelines when preparing your Abstract:

Acknowledgments.

We want to thank the support provided to this study by the Research Networks in University Teaching program organized by the Institute of Education Sciences of the University of Alicante. Also, express our appreciation to all the members of the Applied Educational Anthropology group for clinical practices. References

Bordieu, P. (1995). Las reglas del arte. Génesis y estructuras del campo literario, Barcelona: Anagrama. Cody, W. (1995). Intersubjectivity: Nursing’s contribution to the explication of its postmodern meaning. Nursing Science Quarterly, 8(2), 52-54 Chocarro, L. (2013). La intersubjetividad y su relevancia en los cuidados de Enfermería. Index de Enfermería. Index Enferm (edición digital), 22(4). Disponible en http:// www.index-f.com/index-enfermeria/ v22n4/9244.php – Heller, A. (2004). Teoría de los sentimientos. México: Ediciones Coyoacán. Holmes V and Gregory D. (1998) Writing poetry: a way of knowing nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28: 1191-1194. Paiva Moraes, L.M., Batista Braga, V.A. & Carneiro Sileveria, L. (2003). Socipoética e enfermagem: una aproximación en la investigación con adolescentes Revista Baiana da Enfermagem,18, 89-96. Santos, I. (2005). Sociopoética: un puente para “cuidar – investigar” en enfermería Index Enferm, 14 (50), 35-37. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1132- 12962005000200007 Santos, I. & Gauthier, J. (1999). Enfermagem–Análise Institucional e Sociopoética. Río de Janeiro: Ed. Anna Nery / UFRJ. Santos, L., Glautier, J., Figueredo, N.M.A., &, Petit, SH. (2005) Prática de pesquisa em ciencias humanas e sociais: abordagem sociopoetica. Sao Paulo: Atheneu. Siles González J, Solano Ruiz MC. (2011) Cultural history and aesthetics of nursing care. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem, 19(5):1096-1105. Siles, J. (2014) El humanismo en enfermería a través de la socio­poética y la antropoética. Cultura de los Cuidados (Edición digital) 18, 38. Disponible en http://dx.doi.org/10.7184/cuid.2014.38.01 Siles, J. (2015). Walt Whitman, Poesía y Cuidados. Cultura de los Cuidados. 19(43), 12-18. doi: dx.doi.org/10.14198/cuid.2015.43.02 Siles, J. & Solano, C. (2016) Sublimity and beauty: A view from nursing aesthetics. Nurs Ethics, 23(2):154-66. doi:10.1177/0969733014558966 Vigotsky, L. (2004) Teoría de las emociones. Madrid: Akal.

ABSTRACT. Introduction: The main challenges faced by health systems are aging and chronic diseases. Among these, Chronic Kidney Disease is characterized by being a debilitating disease, caused by a gradual and progressive loss of renal function, which affects the person and his surroundings(Gill 2012). The number of people with Chronic Kidney Disease and Terminal Chronic Renal Failure continues to increase exponentially, being a public health problem that could reach severe epidemic proportions. There are several important factors for its development, such as aging, cardiovascular diseases and type II diabetes mellitus, considered to be responsible for its increasing incidence(Ayar et al. 2017).In 2010, more than 2 million people in the world were treated for this disease(Warady & Chadha 2007). In the United States, during the year 2013, the incidence of people diagnosed with this disease varied from 6.3 to 9.2%(Bassett & O’Malley 2014). It is estimated that, by 2030, approximately 2.2 million people will require renal replacement therapy(Mezzano A & Aros E 2005). The main treatment options are: kidney transplantation or dialysis, and given the limitations of kidney transplantation, it is recognized that most people enter a renal replacement therapy (Ayar et al. 2017). Objective: of this study was to understand the experience of people living with Chronic Renal Disease who have been transplanted, from the meanings constructed based on the experienced phenomenon. Method: The hermeneutic-phenomenological qualitative research method proposed by Van Manen was adopted, aiming, through face-to-face interviews, to reconstruct the meaning of the experience of people living with Chronic Renal Disease. The analysis was centered on the lifeworld existentials(Van Manen 2014): Relationality, Corporeality, Spatiality, Temporality and Materiality. Study sample consisted of 11 participants with Chronic Renal Disease, who have been transplanted and were residents in the city of Neiva, Colombia. They were selected by a random(Patton 2002) non-probabilistic criterion-oriented sampling. The analysis was carried out according to Van Manen’s method. In-depth interviews were used as technique for collecting the information. The researcher contacted the participants by telephone and interviewed them at their residences Results: the themes emerged are Temporality meaning for the participants: something unexpected, being present and not seeing it, being young and sick; Relationality, aspects such as support, feeling stuck and Terminal Chronic Renal Failure were identified; Spatiality, the following aspects were identified: changes in life, sadness and depression; Corporeality, the disease becomes visible: body deterioration and changes in sex life; Materiality, the aspects related to the effects on the economic status arise. Conclusions: This study represents an important tool for the development of self-care models articulated with public health policies aimed at caring for people with Chronic Kidney Disease. It is based on the experience of people, on the subjectivity and meanings that these people build, moving away from the positivist paradigm centered on the disease, to focus on the care for human beings, authors and participants of their own reality.

ABSTRACT. 1 Background Classically, epidemiology has used knowledge from the areas of biology, mathematics, bacteriology and the environment to indicate individual and population characteristics, as well as to identify the conditions and probabilities of illness and death. In order to overcome this hegemonic explanatory model, critical epidemiology (CE), based on the philosophical theoretical framework of historical and dialectical materialism, has broadened the understanding of the epidemiological profiles of a given population by laying down its proposal on three axes: social determination of health process, mode of social organization, and the relationship between society-nature. To refine the understanding of phenomena, CE uses sociological categories such as social class, gender, race-ethnicity and generation (Breilh, 2006; 2013). Studies that used these categories, allowed the understanding of the social determination of the epidemiological profiles and way of life of the collectives, in addition to the concrete observed or identified in the statistical data. Many of these studies have added a qualitative approach to quantitative data to improve the approximation and recognition of the magnitude and depth of the problem. Thus, epidemiological studies that seek to overcome the positivist approach of traditional epidemiology, are generally consolidated with mixed, quanti-qualitative methods. The purpose of this report is to highlight the qualitative methodology to increase the description of the epidemiological profile of the population, based on the following researches: a) a study about the contradictions between health needs of the population and epidemiological profiles described in Municipal Health Plans - MHP and Annual Management Report - AM. (Nascimento, Maeda & Egry, 2019); b) study of health needs of the street population and instrumental knowledge of the professionals who worked in street clinics in Curitiba-Paraná (Kami, Larocca, Chaves, Piosiadlo & Albuquerque, 2016); c) study of epidemiological profile and way of living of young adults with HIV / AIDS in a Health Regional of Paraná, Brazil (Brandão, 2017). 2 Qualitative methods can improve critic epidemiology: why and how? The qualitative aspect of the mentioned studies, made possible through specific analysis techniques for each study, was able to deepen the epidemiological analysis from a critical perspective. It is important to emphasize that different theoretical techniques and bases of analysis were used, but the qualitative research approach was maintained with a theoretical framework of critical epidemiology, thus adhering to the conception of the social determination of the health process. The first study on health needs had as empirical material the municipal health plan and the annual management reports of a medium-sized municipality in the country side of the São Paulo State, Brazil. It has a relatively high Human Development Index, but the Gini (created by Conrad Gini, an instrument to measure the degree of income concentration in a given group) is also high, denoting that there is a large gap between the living conditions of different population groups present in the municipal territory. Both MHP and AMR present quantitative descriptive data of the profiles. But what mattered in the present study were the qualitative data, constituted by the comments contained in the RAGs. For the qualitative analysis, we used Bardin, with the support of webQDA software. (Nascimento, Maeda & Egry, 2019). The results showed contradictions, since quantitative data have a homogeneous and relatively acceptable morbidity-mortality profile, but the qualitative analysis reveals an unequal tendency of sickness and death of more vulnerable population groups. The study on the street population and the epidemiological profile of young adults living with HIV / AIDS, also anchored in EC, used primary and secondary data. The primary ones were collected through semi-structured interviews with the participants and the secondary ones of an already existent database, related to the dynamics and historicity of the way of living in the territory. The organization and analysis of the data we used Iramutec and webQDA. (Kami, Larocca, Chaves, Piosiadlo & Albuquerque, 2016, Brandão, 2017). The three studies used analytical categories derived from theoretical references that were convergent with the theoretical-philosophical referential of historical and dialectical materialism, such as social determination of health, health needs, vulnerabilities and potentialities of homogeneous social groups. In this way, it was possible to verify the social determination of the phenomena, as well as to identify the processes of attrition and protection in the way of living in the territories. It was also possible to recognize the intensity of the phenomena from the perspective of the interviewees. The deepening of the quality allowed the emergence, beyond the processes of attrition, of all the wealth of the potential of strengthening and overcoming contradictions, revealing, even in homogenous population groups, sufficient specificities to plan interventions for the family and community groups. 3 Conclusions For Collective Health Nursing, it is fundamental to elaborate specific care projects for social groups, families and individuals belonging to the territories, adhering to their specific needs. Therefore, it is essential to understand the social relations that are established in the processing of everyday life, as well as the erosions and strengthening potentials that determine health-disease, in the dimensions of social class, gender, race-ethnicity and generation. Such understanding will enable significant nursing care both in the collective face and in the individual face of the health-disease process. Thus, if for public policies it is sufficient to understand the health-disease profiles of a given community, from a critical and quantified perspective, for Nursing, this same profile needs a more in-depth and denser look, that is, the description quality of health needs and vulnerabilities to illness and death. This look will also determine ways of receiving and practicing coping with health phenomena. Qualitative studies have the potential to overcome the hegemonic view of health reality as linear and predictable by mathematical formulas. They allow us to understand the various totalities of reality in which the cut-out phenomenon, its historicity and dynamicity, are determined by structural processes (of the broader social structure), particular (of social groups) and singular (individuals and families) processes.

ABSTRACT. The research design of this investigation is delineated according to the procedures of the qualitative methodology, being exploratory towards its general goal and, phenomenologically from a technical point of view. The starting question How to transform the limiting beliefs of sporting performance into empowering beliefs? leads to the following objective - optimize and consolidate a holistic intervention model that proposes an interface between the approaches of sports psychology and neurolinguistic programming. In this case, the intention is to modify limiting beliefs. Neurolinguistic programming (NLP) aims to enrich and make operational the deep structures of the person, allowing him/her to transform old, inefficient models into appropriate behaviors through the awareness and the emergency of the resources presented in the deep structure of the personality. Therefore, it is intended to help the person to be aware of how his/her behavior is based on their beliefs and values. The holistic intervention model consists of four stages: 1. Definition of a short, medium and long term sports career action plan, based on the characterization of the athlete and the context that surrounds him through SWOT analysis (strength, weakness, opportunities and threats), and characterization of the dimensions of sports performance (technical-tactical, fitness, psychological, social and spiritual skills); 2. Application of the coaching process; 3. Training stages of the psychological skills: education and training of a technique to change limiting beliefs into empowering beliefs, acquisition of a technique, practice and evaluation; 4. Evaluation. The coaching process involves the coach (the person who leads) and the coachee (person who is led) and consists of the following steps: i) mirroring, assuming the behaviors of the coachee; ii) establishing rapport with the coachee, creating empathy; iii) lead the coachee into the wanted state. According to Dilts et al. (1996) beliefs are unconscious processes of organized thought; not necessarily based on a system of logical ideas, because their function is not to coincide with reality; they are contagious; they are a system of beliefs, as they relate to the expectations inherent in the objectives, the self-efficacy and the result. Truly believing in something leads everyone to behave in a congruent way. The system of beliefs guides our behavior in our daily life. Martins (Martins et al., 2017) states that sporting performance is defined as the process of performing a task / motor behavior that results from the mobilization of individual resources (physical fitness, motor skill, psychological abilities, social capacities and spiritual abilities) that culminates in a determined result of failure or success and / or sporting acting. Sporting performance can be measured in terms of result and process. In order to respond to the research problem, the present study has four moments. On the first moment it is being built and validate a Rapport Observation System (Sistema de Observação de Rapport – SOR) - focus of this abstract - allowing to measure the performance of the coach in establishing rapport with the coachee. Being an exploratory study, regarding the coaching process, only two out of three steps will be considered - mirroring the coachee's behavior and creating rapport with the coachee. The sample consists on the observation periods considered to validate the instrument. The accomplishment of this operational objective involves four tasks: i) construction of the categories - inductive recategorization, that involves the opinion of a panels of specialists in neurolinguistic programming, in psychology, in sports and in observational methodology as well as the accomplishment of two pilot observations intra and inter subject; ii) construction of the observation manual whose objective is to guide and standardize the observation process in order to reduce the deviations resulting from the capture of the meanings of observed behaviors involving the identification of criteria and levels of categories, description of each of the criteria and observation conditions; iii) construction of the registration instrument, which corresponds to the System of Categories, in which the registration unit is the way to identify the behaviors to be observed, being recorded and treated in ATLAS.ti; iv) validity and reliability by consensus, Cohen's Kappa, through 10 intra- and inter-subject observations that will allow to extract data. In the second moment it will be built and validated a Belief Observation System (Sistema de Observação de Crenças– SOC) to measure coach performance in identifying and modifying the coachee’s beliefs (the third step of the coaching process). The combination of the products of these two moments will generate a System of Observation of the Coaching Process for Beliefs (Sistema de Observação do Processo de Coaching para Crenças - SOPCC). That will allow to answer the research question because it is intended to: identify and to characterize the limiting beliefs of the sport performance; intervene by applying both the proposed holistic model and a formula that modifies limiting beliefs in beliefs that empower the sporting performance. As the focus of this abstract is to build and validate a Rapport Observation System (SOR), the inductive recategorization process is ongoing at this stage, having already obtained the opinion of the panels of NLP specialists, of psychologists and of the specialists in sports and exercise. As result, we have already obtained a System of Categories that will be used for intra and inter-observer validation. The final result, of the first and second moments of this research, is to obtain the observation instruments that will be used to collect the data to answer the problem issued. So, the observation methodology will validate the coach's intervention with the coachee.

ABSTRACT. 1. Introduction The phenomenon of the “transformations of the university” (see Kwiek, 2010; 2011; 2015) that has been observed over the two past decades is quite complex. Problems concerning state funding for universities, the development of competitive and market-oriented educational institutions and, at the same time, the emphasis on the egalitarisation of higher education and commercialization of contemporary science – these are just some of the indicators of the changes contributing to the erosion of the traditional model of the university. The transition noted in the literature has left its mark on nearly every aspect of academic culture - from the recommended ways to manage the university, through the modification of goals, conditions and methods of education, to radical change of intentions accompanying scientific cognition (see Slaughter, Leslie 1997; Melosik, 2009; Sułkowski, 2016). This paper is aimed to show in what ways the systemic and institutional transformations are accompanied by the discursive construction of “truths” about the reform of higher education in Poland. The presentation is a part of the broader research project supported by the National Centre of Science in Poland (see Anonymous, 2018; Anonymous, 2019a; Anonymous, 2019b). We are interested to answer two questions: • what truths about the reform of higher education are constructed in the analyzed discourse? • what alethurgical mechanisms are responsible for their production?

2. Theory and method In the study we used the alethurgic discourse analysis, based on Michel Foucault's lectures on the alethurgy: relations between stating the truth, “the acts of truth”, and governing self and others. According to Foucault (2014: 7) alethurgy is „the manifestations of truth as a set of verbal and non-verbal procedures by which one brings to light what is laid down as truth as opposed to false, hidden, inexpressible, unforeseeable, or forgotten”. Alethurgy, that is a “ritual and complete formulation of truth” (Foucault 2014: 33), is effectively accomplished twice, once at the level of the “truth of gods” and second at the level of the “truth of witnesses”. Actually, it means two mutually complementing types of alethurgies (veridiction, manifestation of truth): alethurgy of the oracle (divine) and the alethurgy of slaves. Criteria to differentiate alethurgy types: - procedure of extracting the truth, - modality of knowledge and - temporal orientation. Divine (oracle) alethurgy is based on: - the logic of consultation - the truth of overview in the creator’s strength; seeing, saying, looking and discourse unity - linking present and future (obligations, prohibitions, predictions). Slave (testimony) alethurgy is based on: - the logic of interrogation - truth of overview in the witness’s seeing, saying and looking - Linking present and past (recollections, memories, confessions) (Anonymous, 2017).

Our research can be described as alethurgical discourse analysis. The empirical basis for the research included 16 scientific monographs by Polish authors published in the years 2011-2014 (i.e. immediately after the introduction of the higher education reform in Poland) and thematically related to the university and higher education. The main direction of our exploration was emergent and inductive. The differences between “alethurgy of the oracle” and “alethurgy of testimony” we captured by comparing patterns of procedures of extracting truth based on the logic of consultation or interrogation, modality of knowledge which indicates different sources of knowledge, temporal orientation which combine the present with the future or the past. 3. Results The results of the research showed different procedures of veridiction based on the "alethurgy of the oracle" and "alethurgy of testimony". The “alethurgy of the oracle” reveals itself in the analyzed discourse in the topos of public debate on higher education reform, the knowledge viewed from the outside and combining the present with the future. The “alethurgy of testimony” is based on the topos of public/submissive public opinion, on the truth coming from experience and combining the present with the past. As a result we can observe several different "truths" about the reform of academic research and higher education in Poland including those in terms of time, space, hope, disillusion and reform as a driving force for analyzed discourse. Reform as time is a meeting of the past, present, and future of the university. The basic assumptions, course, and effects of the reform are revealed in time and through time. This temporization is best expressed by the category of the university's duration, manifesting itself in the discussed discourse as a result of the long versus short duration of the university. Reform as space is the plane of meeting of what is local with what is global. What is global corresponds in the discussed discourse with the reform identified with the Bologna process. Reform as hope is the vision of improving the condition of academic research and higher education in Poland. It is associated with the conviction about the unsatisfactory condition of the higher education sector in Poland. Reform as a disillusion, a missed chance to improve the condition of academic research and higher education in Poland. In turn, it is a reform designed and implemented by politicians. In the discussed discourse, it defines the area of very concrete and meticulous analyses aimed at pinpointing the mistakes made by politicians at the stage of designing and implementing the reform. Reform as a driving force is a generator of academic discourse on higher education. The reform is connected with a meticulous and committed analysis of changes in higher education and the development of research on this subject.

References: Anonymous (2017). Anonymous (2018). Anonymous (2019a). Anonymous (2019b). Foucault, M. (2014). On the Government of the Living. Lectures at the Collège de France, 1979-1980. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Kwiek, M. (2010). Transformacje uniwersytetu. Zmiany instytucjonalne i ewolucje polityki edukacyjnej w Europie. [Transformations of the University. Institutional Changes and Developments in Education Policy in Europe]. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza. Kwiek, M. (2011). Higher Education Reforms and their Socio-Economic Contexts: Competing Narratives, Deinstitutionalization, and Reinstitutionalization in University Transformations in Poland. In M. Kwiek, P. Maassen (Eds.), National Higher Education Reforms in a European Context: Comparative Reflections on Poland and Norway. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Kwiek, M. (2015). Uniwersytet w dobie przemian. Instytucje i kadra akademicka w warunkach rosnącej konkurencji. [The university in times of change. Academic institution and staff under increasing competition.]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Melosik, Z. (2009). Uniwersytet i społeczeństwo. Dyskursy wolności wiedzy i władzy. [The university and society. Discourses on the freedom of knowledge and power.]. Kraków: Impuls. Slaughter, S., Leslie, L. L. (1997). Academic Capitalism: Politics, Policies and the Entrepreneurial University. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Sułkowski, Ł. (2016). Kultura akademicka. Koniec utopii? [Academic culture. The end of utopia?] Warszawa: PWN.

ABSTRACT. The objective of the article is to propose a new guideline for validation of interview scripts in qualitative research based on the validation of data collection instrument experience of the "CVC - Content Validation Coefficient" method (Hernández-Nieto, 2002). The proposal of the Validation Method for Interview Scripts for Qualitative Research - ISQR - covers two dimensions (Content and Semantics) and four attributes: (Alignment with Objective, Conformity to the Construct, Clarity and Qualitative Expectation). This proposal is presented in four stages (Initial Screen Generation, Validation of Judges, Results Outline and Final Routing) and reinforces the criteria of reliability and validity of the qualitative research, the stimulus to the self-reflection and the protagonism of the researcher.

Researchers argue that reliability and validity are terms belonging to the quantitative paradigm rather than to qualitative research (Altheide & Johnson, 1994; Leininger, 1994). Agar (1986), in turn, suggested that a different language is needed to fit the qualitative view, which would replace reliability and validity with terms such as credibility, accuracy of representation, and authority of the writer. On the other hand, Morse, Barrett, Mayan, Olson, & Spiers (2002) defend the use of reliability and validity to achieve rigorousness in qualitative research, because, when implementing verification strategies while conducting research, the researcher minimizes bias and improve the qualitative research.

The ISQR method was developed based on applied experience in qualitative research about the ecosystem of social innovation in 2018 in Brazil where interviews and focus groups were conducted. The interviews and focus groups, based on the literature review, were submitted to the validation of 5 judges through the CVC method (Hernández-Nieto, 2002), which enabled the refinement of the research instrument. The CVC uses the criteria of "language clarity", "practical relevance" and "theoretical relevance" to calculate through an algorithm, the validation coefficient of a question. Hernández-Nieto (2002) states that, in a scale of 0.0 and 1.0 of the CVC and CVCt, values lower than 0.80 represent “unacceptable validity and agreement”; values equal or greater than 0.80 and lower than 0.90 are considered “satisfactory validity and concordance”; and values equal or greater than 0.90 up to the limit of 1.0, correspond to “excellent validity and concordance”.

Thus, based on the experience of using the CVC, the feedback of the judges and the empirical evidences, a Validation Method for Interview Scripts for Qualitative Research – ISQR is proposed. The proposal covers two dimensions (Content and Semantics) and four Attributes: (Alignment with the Objective of the research, Conformity to Construct, Clarity and Qualitative Expectation). The ISQR method presents a scale from 1 to 4 with a respective qualitative value (low, medium, high and total).

References Altheide, D. L., & Johnson, J. M. (1994). Criteria for assessing interpretive validity in qualitative research. Flick, U. (2018). An introduction to qualitative research. Sage Publications Limited. Hernández-Nieto, R. (2002). Contribuciones al Análisis Estadístico. Mérida, Venezuela: Universidad de Los Andes/IESINFO Leininger, M. (1994). Evaluation criteria and critique of qualitative research studies. Critical issues in qualitative research methods, 95, 115. Morse, J. M., Barrett, M., Mayan, M., Olson, K., & Spiers, J. (2002). Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. International journal of qualitative methods, 1(2), 13-22.

ABSTRACT. Sex work is widely seen as an immoral activity in mainstream India. It is widely believed that sex work cannot be an option among traditional communities. The belief would be that either people are a victim of trafficking or they take up to sex work due to unavailability of other options. Linked would be the belief that people who pursue sex work live in brothels solicit sex work outside their homes. This research paper focuses on the Kanjar community of northern India. Kanjars are denotified tribe and they were labelled as criminal during the colonial period under the Criminal Tribes Act 1871. They were denotified from the Criminal Tribes Lost post-independence in 1950. The Kanjar as a community practises sex work as a traditional occupation resting on both a distinct kinship system and a distinct subculture. Entire Kanjar family economy is based on the labour and earnings of unmarried sex worker daughters and sisters. Other members of the family are also involved in occupations related to prostitution such as dance bar workers, pimps etc. In the ancient period, Kanjars used to entertain people and they had permanent Jajmans (clients). At times Kanjar women used to sexually entertain riches and kings. During the colonial period, the British labelled them as criminal and restricted their entry into the village area. British maintained special brothel areas known as Chaklas to fulfil the needs of white soldiers. They kept Kanjar women for this purpose. Post-independence Kanjars became solely dependent on sex work. They lost their permanent clients during the period as they were not allowed to visit the village area. Post-independence though they got similar status as other citizens of India in the Law but in the real stigma of being criminal once still follow them everywhere and they don’t have much access to occupations in the larger society.

This paper aims to explore the socialisation process of girl child among the Kanjars. These families are unique in nature, as most of the girls remain unmarried and pursue sex work or work in dance bars in metropolitan cities or visiting Middle Eastern countries in dance troops for the survival of their families. In these families, married women and unmarried Sex workers live together, with ‘fatherless’ children of the unmarried ones. All these characteristics challenge the concept of family and socialisation. The paper further discusses the role of the family in initiating Sex work and cultural references which encourage a girl child to choose a life as a Sex worker instead of married life. It sheds light on the socialisation process which empowers a girl entering into Sex work and weaken a girl who is getting married. How unmarried Sex worker practices her rights while a married woman is denied from accessing her rights. How an unmarried women’s labour as a Sex worker is recognised and appreciated by the community but the domestic labour of married women is invisible. Married women take care of the household work and children of unmarried sex worker women but as her labour is domesticated labour her status becomes lower in comparison to the unmarried sex workers. An unmarried sex worker has rights of decision making, right to property while a married woman is denied from accessing these rights. A dual standard of morality is found among Kanjars. Strict chastity norms are practised for married women and flexible norms are visible for an unmarried Sex worker.

My central research method is ethnography. To fully capture the everyday life of natives in their original location and to understand the context in which they wander, locations and sites where they migrate becomes very important. Therefore I undertook multi-sited ethnography to study various aspects of Kanjar community. There were three sites in India and one in the Middle East where I did my data collection. Four major sites under study where I followed my subjects were in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra in India and Dubai in the Middle East. Though the geographical spaces were different it formed a single social field. I tried to follow the participants of my study wherever they go. The research employed reflexive ethnographic methods. Specifically, the method included observation of participation, in-depth interviews and narratives.

This study has shown that people make decisions in life that are influenced by their social environment, cultural practices and also difference in the status in two kinds of women i.e. sex worker and married women. It shows that culture has an impact on people’s choices and identities, leading to roles that are, at times, stigmatis¬ing and stigmatised. Normative ideas of larger society about chastity, honour and purity marginalise and stigmatise sex workers as the polar opposites of the idealised wives and mothers by giving the later one higher status. However, in the case of Kanjars, there are many motivations (like rights in decision making, right to property etc.) through which the status of a sex worker woman becomes higher in comparison to the married woman. The non-domesticated labour of unmarried sex worker becomes significant as it’s central to the family economy. On another side, domesticated labour of married women is not considered though it contributes run family and occupation of sex work smoothly.

The findings of this paper challenge the dominant normative notion about women, their chastity, honour and purity that marginalise and stigmatise sex workers and gives higher status to married women. However, in the case of Kanjars, there are many motivations through which the status of a sex worker becomes higher in comparison to married women.

ABSTRACT. Will the exploration of visual methodology uncover how the visual nature of some political participation processes encourage greater and more meaningful political participation? Studies have shown that greater political participation leads to a reduction in inequality and can also lead to increases in economic growth. This study uses the City of Miami, Florida and the City of Denver, Colorado as case studies as part of a Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research Design to consider how the front-loaded mass participation opportunities of both of these contexts have performed alongside changing property values and local government fiscal impacts.

Fiscal impact and land value analyses are used alongside the exploration of visual methodology within these overall case study analyses to examine if there is a correlation between increased economic growth and the use of visual materials to increase public access and greater levels of meaningful participation. These findings will be useful to make recommendations to advance knowledge in participation studies to increase the quality and scope of opportunities for greater mass participation to help increase economic growth and reduce inequality. This study will also advance knowledge in qualitative and mixed methods research by incorporating and considering new avenues for the exploration of visual methodology. The importance of visual methodology has surfaced as a result of the extensive participatory opportunities that developed through the processes to create and implement form-based codes in both case study contexts. Form-based codes are most often highly visual regulatory documents and guidelines as compared to more conventional zoning codes. The need for ongoing participation will also be considered as will the use of social media to examine how these opportunities address the quality of ongoing opportunities to participate and influence local government policymaking.

This research integrates studies in qualitative methodology, visual methodology, public administration, political science, and facets of urban and regional planning to attempt to uncover how an interdisciplinary approach to both methodology and subject matter can reflexively improve the understanding of both the use of methodology and innovative research design and how an interdisciplinary approach in subject matter is also useful to improving various disciplines. Perhaps most importantly advance the level and quality of public participation while increasing economic growth while reducing inequality. Increased access to both the understanding of new methodological approaches and the importance of interdisciplinary research as well as increased access to politically participate work to create diverse, vibrant epistemologies alongside diverse and vibrant communities where citizens create strong identities and emotional attachment to communities that they actively shape within a theory of reflexive growth. The findings from this study demonstrate the limited knowledge in these interdisciplinary pursuits. The findings also highlight the need to further study the intrinsic and extrinsic values of building a greater understanding in the field of visual methodology alongside public participation research to advance the quality and effects of engaging the public through political participation within local government planning processes within the United States while considering the transferability of this knowledge on an international scale. The goal is to develop new avenues to explore within the fields of qualitative research, visual methodology, political science, public administration, and urban and regional planning.

The overall aim is to develop research that will lead towards the development and provision of techniques that will successfully encompass and centralize as many voices and interests in the community as possible within meaningful participation opportunities. Studies have shown that increased access goes beyond political etiquette since these can also serve to erase inequality while motivating and generating economic growth. As such, in this capacity, the local government within the United States has a very important role in that this may present a rare avenue for all citizens to directly engage a public participation process. The local government has the responsibility to not only create these opportunities, but also to consider how to expand the levels of outreach while advancing the quality and meaningfulness of these opportunities to centralize the voice and interests of as many citizens within the community as possible. At this level, the use of visual methodology becomes increasingly important as graphic imagery can create a common language from which everyone can engage the process.

The use of mixed methods and visual methodology will be used to explore how meaningful participation opportunities and techniques employed have been correlated to economic growth while considering the prevalence of inequality within both Miami and Denver in response to both the form-based code and the conventional zoning code, two very different regulatory frameworks used within contemporary planning practice. Of these mixed methods approaches, a land value analysis has been used to uncover the value per acre alongside revenues generated through both time frames within each case study context.

Engagement and participatory methods have been examined to consider the feasibility of the cost and the amount of time required to produce a high level of community outreach while also examining if these opportunities that were created actually provided the public an avenue to fully engage in the political process. This is useful to consider the transferability of these approaches to smaller local governments with smaller budgets. Overall, the notion of the visual employed as a common language is being explored not only from a methodological inquiry but also as a tool to increase democratic participation within local government planning processes to actively reduce inequality while creating economic growth through public collaboration to generate the highest quality and most meaningful participation process possible.

ABSTRACT. This communication presents a methodological proposal for the alignment of strategies of Portuguese libraries regarding the 2030 Agenda, which is framed in an Evidence Based Practice perspective and supported by guidance tools. This approach intersects Information Science with performance assessment and sustainable development, aiming to address the research question: How can libraries gather evidence and assess their contribution to sustainable development? The conceptual model is developed in four stages: Pre-planning and learning; Plan in alignment; Implement; and Use evidence for advocating and promoting libraries. It was tested by Information Documentation professionals in Lisbon and Braga and by students of the Masters in Information Management and Curation (NOVA FCSH and NOVA IMS). In both cases, participants developed learning practices to (re) use / adapt indicators and statistical data, through evidence collection and processing.

ABSTRACT. Emotions and the management of emotions have a vital role in sales (Mulki, Jaramillo, Goad, & Pesquera, 2015). However, critical affective processes in personal selling and sales management have not yet been studied sufficiently (Erevelles & Fukawa, 2013). The objective of our qualitative study is to understand and explain the impact of salespeople’s emotional labor (i.e., emotion management) on success and failure in sales interactions. This C.I.T. survey has collected accounts of salespeople’s and customers’ emotional behaviors during 454 successful and failed sales interactions, i.e. involving or not a subsequent buying decision.

ABSTRACT. Risk, well-being, and protection of children are socially formed constructs that depend largely on the contexts in which families live. In some countries such as Israel, however, this field of knowledge is still largely rooted in universal developmental theories that were formulated based on empirical research and clinical experience conducted primarily in the West (Korbin, 1981). This qualitative paper aims to identify several of the mismatches at play when professionals encounter families belonging to diverse groups and assess risk, wellbeing, and protection for their children. Two minority groups in Israel were studied: the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish community and Jewish immigrants from Ethiopia. Parents of the two communities (N=60) and the professionals who work with them (N=50) were interviewed regarding their subjective perceptions and constructions of “risk”, “well-being”, and “protection” for children. With the participants’ permission, all interviews were audio-taped and fully transcribed verbatim. Data analysis followed the thematic analysis method (Braun & Clarke, 2006). In the first stage, the researchers acquired familiarity with the data (immersion) by reading the interviews several times. In the second stage, we began open coding, which facilitated the identification of basic units of meaning. Then, links and hierarchies among and within the codes (subcategories) were established using axial coding (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). Data analysis was conducted using Dedoose, a cross-platform web application for analysing qualitative data. As part of the effort to increase the reliability of the study, we employed peer debriefing and an audit log. In the course of peer debriefing, the researchers analysed the data both independently and jointly. Joint analysis was conducted in face-to-face group meetings and considered elements of the data that were previously analysed separately. The unique composition of the research group—which included experts in the field of qualitative analysis, child welfare practitioners and people with differing levels of familiarity with the studied communities, including researchers who are members of the communities—provided multiple perspectives for analysing the raw data and served as a basis for interpreting the findings until consensus could be achieved (investigator triangulation). The audit log consisted of detailed documentation kept by all the researchers throughout the various stages of the study. The analysis of the interviews generated two main themes. The first is an understanding of the discrepancies in parents’ and professionals’ perceptions and constructions of “risk” and “protection” for children as the product of differences in the values, norms, and contexts of these two groups. The second focuses on the implications of these discrepancies for the relationship between professionals/social service agencies and parents who are potential service users. This paper concentrates on gaps in perception and value mismatch. Results of the first theme indicate that professionals’ assessment of risk to children tends to rely on various criteria, most of which are based on standard professional indicators from the professional literature that are regarded as “universal”. For example poverty, unemployment, and large families within the Ultra-Orthodox community are criteria that social workers treat as risk factors, but which, for members of the Ultra-Orthodox community, cannot stand alone and frequently hold no relevance for the assessment of the risk of neglect in the Ultra-Orthodox community. On the contrary, a family in which the father devotes all his time to religious studies and is not otherwise employed is a family of high social status. Similarly, focusing on these parameters fails to take into account the strengths of large families, such as warmth, closeness, and happiness. Further, a child’s unkempt appearance may also be considered by professionals as an indication that his or her basic needs are not being met and therefore also constitutes a parameter in the assessment of the risk of child neglect, but not necessarily for members of the Ethiopian community, as described by one of the professionals who participated in the study “For us it was fun – taking off our shoes and playing outside without shoes, even if we had shoes. From our perspective this is not neglect”. The second theme indicated that the discrepancies between conceptions and values demonstrated above constitute fertile ground for a complex relationship between social service agencies and parents from minority groups. This relationship is characterized by distance, closedness and even alienation and hostility, which leads to underutilization of services. The parents who were interviewed, particularly those from the Ethiopian community, expressed the feeling that they are subject to constant criticism regarding their parental functioning under the probing eye of the establishment, as descried by one of the parents interviewed to the study: “I know that we are sometimes under the supervision and examination of others… I’m scared that they’ll say that I am not caring for my children”. The final section of the paper discusses implications for risk assessment and intervention with diverse families in the context of the discrepancies between parents’ and professionals’ perceptions of “risk” and “protection” for children. The study’s findings shed light on the need for prevention and intervention programs that are context-informed and culturally sensitive, and emphasize the need to educate and train social workers and child protection workers working with minority groups in context competency. Moreover, the findings emphasize the importance of empathizing with parents’ concerns regarding their children and of considering the values that guide parents in raising their children, parental practices that rely on cultural norms and values, and external economic and social constraints.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. Corbin, J. & Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th Edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Korbin, J. E. (1981). Child abuse and neglect: Cross-cultural perspectives. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

ABSTRACT. Menstrual Regulation (MR) has been part of Bangladesh’s national family planning program since 1979. This research explores post-MR biographical disrutions across different generations of women in urban Bangladesh belonging to different socioeconomic class, marital status and religious identity. By focusing on women's narratives, this research provides an evidence based critical understanding of urban Bangladeshi women's subjectivities and their experience in coping post-MR disruptions as they navigate the difficulties around having to undertake MR. I draw from the idea of ‘biographical disruption’ and combine with the politics of place to get a robust picture of the mundane experiences and also politics behind the experiences. I also emphasize upon the role of different types of capitals, and, how the individual mobilizes these resources to repair their biography. I find, perhaps surprisingly, younger women from lower socio-economic class are in better position to cope with the post-MR disruptions and they are able to generate resources more competently to rebuild their biographies. Married women from middle and upper socio-economic classes are in more vulnerable position. They are more likely to be stigmatized from their family members, rather than colleagues and neighbours, which is the case for the women belonging to the lower strata. Within household decision making power is a good predictor of successful coping and women from lower socio-economic classes are better positioned as their economic power correlates with within household decision making power. MR changes many pre-MR behaviour, most notably sexual behaviour. Religious norms plays crucial role and older women and married women from middle and upper socio economic classes are more likely to suffer from regressive religious norms. By contrast, younger unmarried women challenge the existing norms and quite often they are successful in rebuilding their biographies even if they are not out of adverse stigmatization. I add to the literature by providing an individually perceived socio-economic location based analysis of post-MR biographical disruptions and also how individual at different locations and of different generations cope and generate resources to rebuild their biographies. One strong finding of the research is that the absolute absence of post MR mental health counselling affects the psychological wellbeing of the respondents on different levels. Irrespective of the age, class, marital and religious identity, women interviewed talked about tackling their post MR psychological trauma in their own personal ways (''shutting it out'', ''locking it away'') which most often left a long term damaging impact on their mental wellbeing and their ability to have relationships. Since the state policy does not recognize MR as a pregnancy terminating procedure, the provision of psychological counselling post MR is not considered. None of the clinics/doctors the women went to for MR services prescribed psychological counselling. As a policy measurement, we strongly argue for the integration of mental health programmes with the MR related services.

ABSTRACT. The transformation of professional and productive systems involves an increase in inequality and instability in working careers which, in many contexts, is reflected in an increase in precarious and low-paid Human Resources, subject to lack of social protection and representation, in a downsizing of the social rights of workers and their families. Above all, the most “exposed” sectors of the job offer are those most at risk of unstable, precarious, poorly protected and unprotected jobs. But in contexts where it is more difficult to guarantee widespread institutional forms of protection and rights, the new risks of social insecurity concern a large slice of workers, even highly qualified ones, who are confronted with an increasingly fragmented and unstable employment system. Specifically, the advent of globalization has led to the opening of the labor market and the search by companies for a niche in which to enter. In this framework, new constructs emerge in literature describing the evolution of the career that passes from traditional to 'protean career' (Hall & Mirvis, 1994) and 'boundaryless career' (Arthur & Rousseau, 1996). The versatile career (protean career) was defined by Hall and Marvis (1994) as the set of subjective career goals through vocational behavior; the construct, instead, of boundaryless career has been defined by Arthur (1996) as the set of subjective and objective career dimensions on different levels of analysis, which include organizational positions, mobility, flexibility, work environment, opportunities and, at the same time, emphasize the connection between organizational promotions and career paths. However, work remains a primary element in defining the social structure, as well as a central experience in individual biographies (Dore, 2005). Work is the fundamental activity of man with which it adds value to the world and to itself. The politician Trentin (1997) speaks of a work full of polyvalent capacities, capable of enriching the know-how of each worker. A tool, that of work, combined with knowledge because it is understood as a "commodity" (ivi, p.17) that allows person to adapt to the changes and the unexpected of flexibility. Here the problem of the commodification of labor is contrasted with an image of the worker as a thinking subject, an active actor in that production process that historically preserves the character of a central experience for individual self-determination. The work, therefore, is the foundation of the personality because it allows him to feel himself as an actor on the social scene. Thus, the lack of work deprives the person of a part of himself and of his social capital (Bourdieu, 1980; Putnam, 2001) because he puts it in an uncomfortable relationship with others. Indeed, in addition to globalization, this employment insecurity was amplified even after the explosion of the Digital Revolution. If on the one hand the Digital Revolution has led to new demands in the labor market, above all following the introduction of increasingly smarter tools but also following the emergence of generations of digital natives (Prensky, 2001) and adaptation the technologicalization of digital immigrants (Riva, 2014); on the other hand, the Digital Revolution has created new spaces for comparison and support for 2.0 navigating workers. The virtual environments, in which digital natives are engaged, offer the opportunity to quickly get in touch with other Internet users and overcome space-time barriers, typical of a face-to-face relationship; in fact the "connection" becomes the new and privileged form of interaction for the Third Millennium man. Thus, from the nineties onwards, Internet users do not passively consume the information made available by the web, but turn into active users ,who modify or create existing content based on own communication needs and that do not fear to expose their opinions on blogs or social networks about specific issues. Furthermore, these innovative technologies have provided various opportunities for collaboration and creation of user networks, generating virtual spaces in which each user is the author of signification practices. In particular, in a working world, like the Italian one that, above all in the South, creates fragmented and uncertain professional identities, the Technological Revolution, on the one hand increases the "liquidity" (Bauman, 2003) work, on the other creates virtual spaces, in which the aim is creating a network to manage insecurity. With the Digital Revolution, in fact, we are witnessing of an increase in Internet users looking for information or asking for help in Q&A sites (Q&A site). Participation in these virtual spaces is motivated by the interest of the participants in a subject treated in a relationship of reciprocity and pro-sociality. The topics covered are presented as digital contents that can be considered psycho-discursive practices, modulated in the "questions-answers" format. One of the most famous question and answer sites is Quora Inc., a virtual space that, unlike the others, is based on sharing: users can discuss any topic inserted in thematic macro-areas. A common fundamental aspect, which falls within the policy of all Q&A sites, is moderation by an administrator, appointed for each discussion, who has the task of enforcing the online behavioral code, called netiquette (Mintu-Wimsatt, Kernek, & Lozada, 2010). The research investigates, through a pilot study, as online sites such as Q&A sites become, for marginalized Italian workers, a sharing environments and attempts to resolve doubts. Starting from the hypothesis according to which from the questions it is possible to understand what are the doubts of the Italian Human Resources at the time of the working flexibility. In the study, 36 questions and 81 answers in Italian were collected, posted in one of the most famous Q&A sites, i.e. Quora, compared with 35 questions and 86 answers in English. The methodology used in the study is quantitative and qualitative: with regard to the quantitative analysis, a Sentiment Analysis (Pang & Lee, 2008) and an Emotional Analysis were carried out; for the qualitative part, an analysis of mitigation strategies was carried out (Caffi, 2007). In the research, the quantitative analysis has an exploratory function, as it has the task of highlighting the limits of the results of Natural Language Processing (NLP) software. Starting from these limits, it has been highlighted the importance of a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) methodology to support the analyzes carried out with Artificial Intelligence (AI). Specifically, the prevalence of positive sentiment in the questions in Italian, which are underpinned by positive emotions that indicate a sense of hope, but also emotions of fear, combined with a high presence of soothing mitigation strategies respect to questions in English, confirm the presence of uncertainties in Italian workers even regarding the request for advice on how to find work.

ABSTRACT. The (MEO) Southwest festival is considered one of the oldest and most popular music festivals held in Portugal in the last 20 years. This type of event plays an important role in the territory where it takes place (in this case Alentejo Coastal/Southwest region), influences image building and also contributes to destination popularity and attractiveness. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the potentialities and added value of the combined use of two Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) packages. The ultimate goal is to explore and better characterize latent and factual meanings about the destination image built by festivalgoers related to the Alentejo Coastal/Southwest region, based on the experience of participation in the (MEO)Southwest music festival. The starting point of the study was the economic and sociocultural impact study carried out by the MEOSouthwest festival on its 20th anniversary in 2017. Given its history and the lack of existence, to date, of any study on the relation of the festival with the territory, the Municipality of Odemira decided to contract the Polytechnic Institute of Beja to conduct the study. Following the results obtained focused on an eminently transversal impact evaluation (Saúde, Lopes, Borralho, & Féria, 2019), a complementary follow-up phase was conducted, the main objective of which is to characterize the impact of participation in the festival in 2017 on festivalgoers’ perceived image of the destination itself: Alentejo Coastal/Southwest region. The research questions of this second study are as follows (Saúde & Rodrigues, 2019): 1) What image do festivalgoers have about the region after participating in (MEO) Southwest? 2) What are the three distinctive characteristics that, according to festivalgoers, make the region unique and different in Portugal? In order to answer the research questions, data were collected based on three questions: (i) Did the trip to MEO-Southwest 2017 influence your image of the region (Alentejo Coastal/Southwest)? (select the option that fits your opinion) (ii) If you answered Yes in the previous question (i.e: I started to have a more positive or negative image), describe the image you have now; (iii) Without overthinking, please indicate three characteristics that make the Alentejo Coastal/Southwest region unique and different from other places you have visited in Portugal? (open answer question). The answers were given by a sample of 122 festivalgoers in June 2018, 11 months after their participation in the 2017 edition of the festival. In line with the study objectives, the choice of categorical content analysis is justified (Bardin, 2010), in which the structuring categories were identified based on the images of the region perceived by festivalgoers. A combination of two content analysis software packages was used (T-LAB and webQDA), allowing, on one hand, enhanced definition of dimensions, categories and subcategories of analysis, usually very laborious processes (Costa & Amado, 2018) and, on the other hand, improving the holistic interpretation of qualitative data collected. The analytical approach was first exploratory and then descriptive, based on two phases of data analysis based on a complementary relation of the two CAQDAS: 1) 1st phase: The use of T-LAB to perform an exploratory analysis of the corpus, extracting the first ideas and trying to understand the relationship between words and keywords. Co-occurrence analysis was performed, particularly "Word Association" and "Sequence Analysis". Through this analysis, the words which respondents repeated and/or associated equally in their answers could be identified (example: words that appear equally before or after others in the syntactic units clarified); 2) 2nd phase: the use of webQDA for organizing and systematizing the thoughts resulting from the previous phase, framed by deductive analysis and based on a schema for image dimensions, using Beerli & Martin’s (2004) classification typology. Thus, the coding and interpretation phase was undertaken following a deductive approach. The combined use of two CAQDAS is justified by their having complementary analytical potentials, one more in the exploratory component of the data (T-Lab) and the other more focused on the holistic interpretation of meanings (webQDA). As an example, the following figures (1 and 2) represent outputs of data analysis from T-Lab and webQDA respectively. Based on this analysis, Figure 1 shows how the words appear sequentially in the syntactical units analysed; in pictures taken in the Alentejo Coastal/Southwest region, expressions like "great beaches", "liking the beaches", "beautiful beaches" and "good beaches" stand out. As mentioned previously, the use of T-Lab enables exploration of the data and identification of words the respondents repeated and/or associated equally in their answers (in this case related to the word “beaches”).

Fig 1. One-to-one associations between lemmas.

Legend: blue line: precession relation (preceding word); orange line: ratio of succession (word that happens). Thicker or thinner lines depend on the intensity of the relation. Source: T-Lab, questionnaire applied in July 2018

After performing several analytical tasks with T-Lab (in this case “word associations” and “sequence analysis”), organization and systematization of thoughts was needed. In this case, webQDA was used performing a categorization of the data, based on Beerli & Martin’s (2004) schema for tree node coding, as Figure 2 demonstrates with the final output from the coding procedure (as an example).

Fig 2. Categorization of the results of the perceived image of the region after the participation in (MEO) Southwest Source: webQDA, questionnaire applied in July 2018

Given the research questions and type of material collected, the option of applying a combination of qualitative analysis software allowed a better exploration and interpretation of the type of images described by festivalgoers. Content analysis, through the analysis of word co-occurrence and the thematic categorization of text units, allowed identification, organization, and ranking in order of relevance of image dimensions built by festivalgoers. Findings seem to show that perceptions are strongly influenced and conditioned by occasional contact between festivalgoers and the surrounding territory resulting from a single moment of participation, located in a well-delineated area. There are distinctive elements of the territory that do not emerge in the shared images, strongly associated with the predominant idea of beautiful beaches. References Bardin, L. (2010). Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70. Beerli A. & Martín J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (3), 657-681. Saúde, S., Lopes, S., Borralho, C., & Féria, I. (2019). O impacte económico e sociocultural do festival MEO sudoeste no concelho de Odemira. Faro: Sílabas & Desafios. Saúde, S., & Rodrigues, A. I. (2019). A(s) imagem(ns) de destino construída(s) sobre a região Alentejo Litoral/Sudoeste a partir da experiência de participação no festival MEOSUDOESTE. In Paper submitted at 8º Congresso Ibero-Americado em Investigação Qualitativa (CIAIQ 2019), Escola Superior de Enfermagem, Lisbon, 16-19 July 2019.

ABSTRACT. Introduction: The Workshop Critical-emancipatory consists of a space for data collection and intervention in the concrete reality of the participants. It is divided into four moments: heating, individual reflection, group reflection and synthesis. It is based on four assumption: participation, shared responsibility, self-esteem and empowerment (Fonseca, Oliveira, & Fornari, 2017). Moreover, it aims to share experiences and knowledge through the effective participation of the subjects involved (Fonseca & Amaral, 2012). The Workshop enables the generation of empirical data from a variety of sources, such as audio, video, image and text. By generating large amounts of data, it requires the use of specifics softwares for qualitative analysis. These softwares facilitate the organization of the data and optimize the work process of the researchers, as they ensure transparency and credibility for the emerging results. In this research, the authors have opted for the use of webQDA qualitative analysis software, because enables collaborative work among researchers, has the access is through the Internet and data analysis can be performed from various sources (Minayo & Costa, 2019). In view of the above, the research had as a question: What are the potentialities and limits of webQDA for the qualitative analysis of data generated in a Workshop Critical-emancipatory? Objective: To know the potentialities and limits of webQDA for qualitative analysis in a Workshop Critical-emancipatory. Method: This is a qualitative study, part of a larger project entitled "Possibilities and limits of game Violetas for confronting gender violence". Professionals responsible or involved in the care provided in the Casa da Mulher Brasileira for women in situations of violence participated of Workshop. The data were collected during three workshops, each lasting six hours. The treatment was performed with the support of the webQDA qualitative analysis software, which is divided into four Systems: Sources, Coding, Questioning and Management (Costa, Moreira, & Souza, 2019). The research modality was a case study, based on the authors' experience with the use of webQDA as support for the emergence of empirical data. Results: The total of data from the three Workshops resulted in 18 hours of audio, 18 hours of video and 20 images. The audios were fully transcribed and validated by the authors. In the first moment, the data in text and image formats were inserted as internal sources in webQDA. The system of sources allowed the storage of the data produced during the gathering organized manner and with easy access to all information. However, it was necessary to divided the files each research scenario, because the software has a size limit for each document format. In the second moment, the data were codified through the tree codes, elaborated from the analytical categories listed in the research project. The research used the thematic content analysis technique (Bardin, 2011), which is composed of five stages (pre-analysis, material exploration, treatment of results, interpretation and inference), which were adapted by the authors in the qualitative analysis software. The coding of the data resulted in the emergence of three empirical categories and six subcategories. It was verified that the process of categorization of empirical data was optimized through webQDA, because it was possible to code, decode and recode at any stage of the treatment and analysis. In this regard, it was verified that the software had a positive dialogue with the analysis technique. In addition, it provided a flowchart with the titles of the categories and subcategories, presenting the summary of the emerging categories. The data were also coded according to the descriptors related to the characteristic of the participants (sex, age, marital status, number of children, religion, race, profession, education, further education, employment, work experience time, sector and time of experience in the current service). This stage was more laborious, because in the Workshops the participants are invited to spontaneously express their perceptions about a certain issue, without previously defined order and speech time. Therefore, it was necessary to codify each of the reports, according to the characteristics of the participants. In the third moment, the authors questioned the data by identifying the most frequent words and the matrices. In the process of searching for the most frequent words in each of the workshops, it was possible to identify the concepts most cited by the participants, as well as how they are understood and employed in the care of women in situations of violence. The matrices allowed the relationship between the data inserted in the internal sources, the tree codes and the descriptors. This functionality allowed the identification of the proportion of participants' comments according to their characteristics, such as age, profession, work experience time and time of experience in the current service. Conclusions: The use of qualitative analysis software such as webQDA proved to be powerful for the analysis of the data produced by the Workshop Critical-emancipatory, as it optimized the organization of the data, extended the treatment and deepened the analysis of the empirical data. However, only the use of software for data processing is not enough. It is important to combine the use of software with a qualitative analysis technique that is of expertise of the researchers. In addition, it was found that although the software allows the analysis of different text formats, the restriction on the size of the files is shown as a limitation. The authors consider that the qualitative methodology was adequate for the workshops analysis, because it explored participants' perceptions. As well as, webQDA software proved to be a essential digital tool to work with the different emergent aspects of the research data.

ABSTRACT. Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) has been around for well over two decades, and today there is a great variety of CAQDAS options available for each researcher’s choosing. As CAQDAS packages have continued improving, demand for and interest in CAQDAS has only been growing (Este, Sieppert, & Barsky, 1998; Lee & Esterhuizen, 2000; Odena, 2013; Siccarma & Penna, 2008; and Silver & Rivers, 2016). At first glance, learning how to use a new CAQDAS may seem straightforward because there are many free learning resources, such as manuals, guides, video tutorials, and more. While it is relatively easy to figure out what the different buttons of a software do, it seems that new users struggle with figuring out when and why a certain tool should or should not be used. It can be tempting to try out a new CAQDAS and explore the different features – such as creating word clouds or charts – and want to incorporate as many different tools and outputs as possible in the final report. However, there is also the risk of getting carried away with doing all the things that the software can do rather than focusing on answering the research question of the actual study. In other words, learning to effectively use CAQDAS requires more than just understanding how to use the different functions, but researchers also need to know the methodological significance of the different analytic tactics, the “why” behind each tool. Given the growth of the “digital native” generation that is comfortable with pervasive technology-use, more and more qualitative researchers may want to learn how to use CAQDAS (Paulus & Bennett, 2015), but guidance may be crucial for facilitating effective CAQDAS practices for rigorous qualitative analysis. This paper provides practical tips and tricks for applying qualitative analytic tactics to the use of ATLAS.ti (and these guidelines can also be applied to any other CAQDAS). The analytic guidelines stem from a foundational model for qualitative data analysis that can be applied to a variety of qualitative research projects. This model consists of four iterative cycles: the Inspection Cycle, Coding Cycle, Categorization Cycle, and Modelling Cycle (self-identifying citation removed). The aim of this article is to offer clear guidelines on how researchers can use ATLAS.ti throughout the analytic cycles of qualitative data analysis. Analysis begins with basic quantitative inspection of the data, followed by multiple coding cycles that begin with inductive approaches and move towards deductive strategies, then the codes are grouped and categories are drawn out, which leads to the development of the final conceptual framework that synthesizes and corroborates previous knowledge with the findings that emerged from the data analysis. Memo-writing is incorporated throughout the analysis process to foster reflexive and critical thinking (Levitt, Kannan, & Ippolito, 2013; Mitchell, Friesen, Friesen, & Rose, 2007). This paper presents concrete guidelines on how each of these analytic tactics can be adopted within ATLAS.ti. Specifically, during the Inspection Cycle, researchers may take advantage of the word clouds and auto-coding in ATLAS.ti. For the coding cycles, researchers may use open coding, in vivo coding, and coding by list. For the categorization cycles, the use of groups and networks is emphasized, and in the final modelling cycle, researchers can finalize their networks and also use the different advanced analysis tools to query their data in different ways, such as the Query Tool, Code Co-occurrence Table, and Code-Document Table. Thus, this paper shows how ATLAS.ti can be used throughout the entire qualitative research process, from organizing and querying data to elaborating reports and visualizations of the findings. Although this paper focuses on the use of ATLAS.ti, these practices can likewise be applied to different CAQDAS packages (and with the development of the universal data exchange format QDPX, moving among CAQDAS packages is now easier than ever; “The REFI-QDA Standard,” 2019). Although no CAQDAS will “do the analysis” on behalf of the researcher, it can certainly facilitate organization, transparency, and the overall integration of the different analytic aspects. This paper aimed to provide practical guidelines for researchers all around the world who wish to effectively use CAQDAS for rigorous qualitative research.

References:

Este, D., Sieppert, J., & Barsky, A. (1998). Teaching and learning qualitative research with and without qualitative data analysis software. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 31(2), 138-154. Kalpokaite, N., & Radivojevic, I. (2019). Demystifying qualitative data analysis for novice qualitative researchers. The Qualitative Report, 24(13), 44-57. Lee, R. M., & Esterhuizen, L. (2000). Computer software and qualitative analysis: trends, issues and resources. International journal of social research methodology, 3(3), 231-243. Levitt, H., Kannan, D., & Ippolito, M. R. (2013). Teaching qualitative methods using a research team approach: Publishing grounded theory projects with your class. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 10(2), 119-139. Mitchell, T., Friesen, M., Friesen, D., & Rose, R. (2007). Learning against the grain: Reflections on the challenges and revelations of studying qualitative research methods in an undergraduate psychology course. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 4(3), 227-240. Odena, O. (2013). Using software to tell a trustworthy, convincing and useful story. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(5), 355-372. Paulus, T. M., & Bennett, A. M. (2015). ‘I have a love–hate relationship with ATLAS.ti’™: Integrating qualitative data analysis software into a graduate research methods course. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 1-17. Siccama, C. J., & Penna, S. (2008). Enhancing validity of a qualitative dissertation research study by using NVivo. Qualitative research journal, 8(2), 91-103. Silver, C., & Rivers, C. (2016). The CAQDAS Postgraduate Learning Model: an interplay between methodological awareness, analytic adeptness and technological proficiency. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 19(5), 593-609. The REFI-QDA Standard. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.qdasoftware.org/

ABSTRACT. Wanda de Aguiar Horta is a Brazilian nursing theorist of the best known in her country and other Portuguese-speaking countries. Her theory was created and disseminated in the mid-1970s (Horta, 1974b). More than the theory itself, Horta was responsible for a proposal of systematization of nursing care that still prevails in Brazil today. In the course of theoretical construction, concepts and ideas were divulged in scientific journals existing at the time, especially in the Journal of the Nursing School of the University of São Paulo (REEUSP) given the author's connection as a teacher and researcher of this School. The Brazilian Journal of Nursing (REBEn) was another important vehicle for disseminating Horta's thinking. Bousso, Poles, & Da Cruz (2014), in the study titled Concepts and Theories in Nursing, affirm that, given their dynamic nature, concepts vary according to their use and the contexts or structural dimensions in which they are put into practice. Thus, it is necessary to recover the historicity of the construction of the theory, to understand the underlying theoretical-philosophical framework and to visualize the limits and the potentiality of its current use (Egry, 1996). This is a qualitative study, part of a larger project that aims to reconstruct the path of elaboration of Horta’s Theory. The clipping for this article is the use of webQDA to answer the question: What concepts, principles and codes were developed historically in the construction of the Nursing Process of Horta? Objectives: to identify the articles published in REEUSP and REBEn that address Horta Theory clippings; to identify the influence of authors who provided the basis for the theory; to understand the importance of qualitative research in the study of theories. Method: a documentary study based on the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) through electronic access to REEUSP and REBEn journals. Data collection was performed in April and May 2019. The search descriptors used were: "Wanda de Aguiar Horta" and "Basic Human Needs". From the total of 60 articles selected, 57 were included in the first stage of the study according to the criterion of inclusion: Basic Human Needs Theory approach proposed by Wanda de Aguiar Horta. Data extraction was performed using the webQDA qualitative analysis software. Data were initially extracted based on titles and abstracts. The full articles were then accessed to additional eligibility. The articles selected through the titles in SciELO were inserted in the reference manager (Mendeley) and imported as metadata for webQDA in the format of .xml files. They were automatically coded according to type and year of publication, authors and keywords. Duplicate metadata were automatically identified by webQDA and excluded from the sample (three references). There was also the exclusion of two articles dealing exclusively with the Basic Human Needs proposed by Maslow. Thus, 52 articles were included, saved in the Internal Document System of the webQDA in the Portable Document format. Specific notes were attributed to the 52 publications, which were then codified through the Tree Codes system in the analytical categories: Theoretical and Philosophical Bases and Scientific Principles. The software also allowed the elaboration of questions, in order to establish relations between the descriptive and empirical codifications. Results: 52 articles made up the documentary database; 21 were published by Horta between 1968 and 1979, 13 in REEUSP and eight in REBEn. Theorist presented a regular scientific production during these 11 years, with the exception of 1971 and 1977. The articles published in REEUSP were associated with the construction of the Theory, while those published in REBEn were related to the research developed in his professional career. Most of the authors cited by Horta were Nursing theorists (Eugene Levine, Faye G. Abdellah, Florence Nightingale, Ida J. Orlando, Martha E. Rogers, Margo McCaffery and Virginia Henderson), followed by authors from the field of Psychology (Maslow, Burrhus F. Skinner, Charles E. Osgood and Silvia TM Lane), Anthropology (Mark Zborowski), Administration (Cyril J. O'Donnell and Harold D. Koontz) and Pedagogy (Victor G. Hoz). The first study published by Horta deal with the proposition of a dynamic concept of Nursing (Horta, 1968), addressing the nurse's responsibility in identifying patients' unmet needs. In addition, she published studies indicating the experimental character of the steps that would come to compose the method in his Theory (Horta, 1969b, 1973, 1974a). In other texts she presented the challenges and perspectives of the profession, emphasizing the importance of the development of scientific theories (Horta, 1969a) and the instrumentalization of professionals through knowledge and skills (Horta, 1970, Horta, Kamiyama, & Paula, 1970). In the articles it is possible to observe the concern of the author with the satisfaction of the needs of the users and the qualified training to the nursing professionals. In 1974 the article related to the proposal of theory and its principles and to the nursing process, at the time structured in six phases (Horta, 1974b), was published. In the following years, Horta sought to systematize the nursing consultation, involving the physical and psychological aspects of the patients, as well as understanding the perception of professionals, teachers and students regarding nursing care. In her last article, when she was very sick, we can verify the preoccupation with the subjectivity of the care, associated with the meanings attributed to pain, health and illness. Conclusions: REEUSP was an expressive vehicle for the dissemination of Horta's theory, highlighting the number of articles published by the theorist herself. The North American nursing theorists were the ones that most influenced the theoretical construction. Psychologists, anthropologists, administrators and pedagogues have contributed to the elaboration of concepts and ideas. The main contribution was made by the psychologist Maslow, whose Theory of Basic Human Needs was the basis used by Horta to guide nursing care. The qualitative methodology was adequate for the study of the theory and webQDA proved to be an essential tool to explore the different sides of the study object.

ABSTRACT. In recent years, the many qualitative studies report the use of computational programs as support in the process of qualitative data analysis. These programs are grouped in what is called CAQDAS (Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software) and their relevance relies on the management and organization of a large amount of information, while contributing to the transparency and quality of qualitative research. Over the years, the CAQDAS have evolved and developed new features that enable novel alternatives in the process of qualitative data analysis. Therefore, a user that is conducting a qualitative study or is engaged in a learning process can have different tools at their disposal. Unfortunately, their use may be hampered due to the fact that most of the software are restricted/licensed. As a consequence, if a researcher or institution needs to use one in order to conduct qualitative studies or for the teaching-learning process, a license must be acquired. These licenses are sometimes expensive to obtain, especially when no funding is made available. In this regard, the RQDA package is an attractive free alternative that can be executed within the free software R framework. This software, usually associated with statistical analysis processes and graphics generation, has a large user’s community who contribute to the development and continuous updating of information and packages for data analysis, such as RQDA. To verify the utility of the CAQDAS, the authors generally agree that these programs should share a series of generic features that enable: a) reading, highlighting and commenting on the data; b) writing memos; c) tracking/searching; d) coding; e) organizing data; f) generating networks; (g) generating reports. These attributes rely on the foundations of the qualitative data analysis or in what is proposed as the central nucleus of qualitative analysis, which basically consists of the condensation of data and their visualization (qualitative or qualitative/quantitative). RQDA presents all of these generic attributes of analysis, being similar in this regard to the most popular software, but introducing the additional advantage of being integrated with the R package and all the statistical options that it offers. In this context, the RQDA package is presented as a free and sophisticated tool to assist in the process of qualitative data analysis. In this oral presentation, a simple guide addressing how to install and run the package within the free software environment R is presented. In addition, its main features and its integration during the process of data analysis is described. We reinforce that the RQDA package offers similar capabilities to other software used in qualitative data analysis.

ABSTRACT. Purpose of the paper (article) is to show the manner, in which computer aided qualitative data analysis tools can be used in the research practice. Based on a particular research projects, the authors attempt to show how to carry out the research in accordance with the grounded theory methodology procedures, using the available functions offered by such programs as Audacity, WeftQDA and CmapTools. This is how the paper presented the workshop of a qualitative researcher who uses computer software aiding the research process on a daily basis. The emphasis was first of all put on the shape of an analytical process in the context of a chosen method and with use of a certain type of computer software. At the same time the authors stress the existing improvements but also consequences and potential difficulties related to application of CAQDA in qualitative research. The speech (article) is of a review and educational nature, allowing a reader to get familiar with possibilities provided by CAQDA tools and their actual application in research projects based on qualitative methods.

ABSTRACT. The Multicenter Professional Qualification Distance Learning Program in Home Care (PMQPAD), promoted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in partnership with eight Brazilian Federal universities, aims to qualify managers and health professionals through the provision of self-instructional courses, specialization, and further training. By the end of 2017, there were 83 different educational offers: 21 Self-instructional Training Courses (30 to 60 hours); 3 Improvement Courses (180 hours) for health professions and/or managers and 2 Specialization Courses (360 hours) for doctors/nurses, in a total of 35,822 students. The offered courses were online, with national coverage, some with face-to-face meetings (as is the case of specialization and improvement). The evaluation of distance courses, as well as programs involving different courses, has been a great challenge for those working with this type of teaching. The paper presents the analysis model developed to evaluate the PMQPAD. In order to undertake an evaluative investigation of a multi-center distance learning program of national scope, it is necessary to create a model of analysis that encompasses the complexity and specificities of programs such as the PMQPAD. For this, a model of analysis based on multiple triangulations is proposed: it is based on the triangulation of analytical approaches (quantitative, qualitative and evaluative matrix with mixed sources), but also in the different triangulations proposed that compose these different analytical approaches, such as methodological triangulation that enables the combination of distinct data collection forms such as interviews, questionnaires, documents, database and data triangulation, in which it refers to using different data sources, without using different methods, in which the data are collected from different people, here exemplified by questionnaires applied to the different Stakeholders: students, tutors and managers of the different courses offered. The analysis model developed for the evaluation research by triangulation of analytical approaches, which will lead to the final result of this proposal evaluation in three parts: (1) descriptive measures based on the quantitative analysis of the database that characterize what was before the courses offered by the PMQPAD, with emphasis on the characteristics of the admissions and the typology of the courses; (2) evaluative matrix that allows the judgment of the value of the different courses during and after the offer, obtained by multiplicity of data sources and instruments of qualitative/quantitative collection; (3) qualitative approach through in-depth interviews and documentary analysis, not only with emphasis on the joint analysis of the program as a whole, allowing the consideration of the before, during and after offer of the courses in a social-historical perspective. In this last step, the qualitative approach will integrate the triangulation of the descriptive measures and the evaluation matrix with the intention of ascertaining the alternatives of the results, such as the convergence of results, complementation or divergence/contradiction. It is considered that the proposed analysis model is useful for evaluating distance education programs in different contexts. The analysis by triangulation as distinct procedures, combining different methods of data collection and analysis, different populations and subjects, different theoretical perspectives and different moments in time, corroborated the conclusions about the phenomenon investigated, especially by the emphasis on the qualitative-integrative approach which confers the socio-historical context of the program and qualifies the evaluation.

ABSTRACT. The research design follows the qualitative, non-experimental methodology being a exploratory and a case study. The research problem, does dance practice influences the body image of girls, aged between 8 and 12 years?, leads to the general objective: characterize the influence of dance on the body image (BI) of children, according to their perception. From here two specific objectives are defined: i) identify with the children if they believe that the practice of dance influences their Body Image; ii) to identify the different types of influences resulting from the practice of dance in children's body image. The sample consisted of five female children, aged between 10 to 12 years old who has four years of practice in dance. The instruments were Collins Silhouettes Scale (Collins, 1991, cited by Simões, 2014) and an interview script. The procedure for constructing and validating the interview script was as follows: 1. from the research problem and from the bibliography, the questions were formulated, and script one appeared; 2. The questions were reviewed and the script was rewritten, originating script two; 3. script two, was submitted to the opinion of a panel of three experts; 4. the intersection of the expert opinion generated the final script. Content analysis runs throughout the interview process until the writing of the text. After the interview, data were transcribed for paper, the registration units were identified, and the categories were constructed from these units. Subsequently, an opinion was requested from the panel consisting of three experts, indicating which category would integrate each of the registration units. With this information, the degree of agreement of the specialists was extracted and macro and micro-categories were defined. The results obtained, in relation to the questionnaire of Silhuetas, indicate that of the five children all but one, present dissatisfaction with their body image. Of these, there is one that is dissatisfied with their BI, because she wants to be thinner; one refers to being satisfied with their IC; three were dissatisfied with their BI, since they wanted to have more weight; the self-assessment of the child who presented a higher degree of dissatisfaction with BI is contrary to the evaluation of the investigator / interviewer because she considered that the child's BI was within normal standards. The data resulting from the analyzes performed for each child, from the interview, allowed to characterize the relations between the Dance Practice and the Body Image (CI), according to their perceptions/beliefs.

ABSTRACT. Risk assessment (RA) is compulsory in Portuguese companies (Law n.º 7/2009, Law n.º 3/2014). Risk management (RM) stands for the global process of risk assessment and risk control, whereby measures are taken to monitor or lower the risk levels to acceptable values (Miguel, 2010). RM is a continuous, iterative task that helps companies to set strategies in order to achieve goals through informed decision-making (ISO 31000). There are several techniques available for risk assessment (ISO 31010), which can be selected according to the data available (e.g., the companies’ available history of data; the type of data available – quantitative or qualitative; and the quantity of data available. On the one hand, quantitative RA techniques may be very laborious (even more so in large companies), expensive and may not be feasible when the quantity of the data available is scarce. On the other hand, qualitative RA may be very expeditious, but not provide enough detail on the risks that the workers are exposed to, so not as rich in information and, hence, not as serviceable to the decision-making process as the quantitative RA techniques. So, a good compromise seems to be the semi-quantitative RA techniques, whereby risk indices are obtained. Basically, semi-quantitative RA techniques estimate the numerical value of the magnitude of the occupational risk (R), from the product between the probability (P) estimate that the risk materializes and the expected severity (S) of the lesions. Therefore, for applying these techniques, it is necessary to construct the hierarchy scale of Probability, Severity and Risk Index. The number of classes of each variable may vary between different techniques, but the same logic imposes: for instance, Probability may range from Impossible to Very Likely in three or more well-defined classes. But are these classes’ boundaries really well-defined as crisp? Can one company rigorously compare their RA results to other companies’ RA results, even when the same RA technique is used, with guaranteed comparability? Can one ensure that, if a different technician performs the same semi-quantitative RA technique his/hers to the same worker at the same time, results will be the same? This work aims at evidencing the pertinence of the use of fuzzy logic theory to semi-quantitative RA techniques. To accomplish this purpose a systematic literature review was conducted. By considering the keywords combination that correspond to the main fields under study ([safety AND "risk assessment"] AND ["fuzzy" AND Likert]) only 1 (or 0 depending on the data base used) scientific work was found. These early results highlight the pertinence of the use of fuzzy approach to analyze risk assessment. However, by simply change in the search equation one AND Boolean operator by an OR operator, more than 10,000 were found. In a way this result was expected since it show the large number of works in the two main fields of risk assessment and fuzzy approach and not necessarily jointly. Due to the large number of results, the analysis process is being performed with a digital tool support. The final results will be made available and discussed taking into account the main objective of this study.

ABSTRACT. The Learning Lab@PP2 (LL) concept is based on the premise that the learning process for 2nd year tourism students at the Polytechnic Institute of Beja (PIB), specifically in classes of the subject Professional Practice II, should occur in the complex context of society, organizations and social and professional relations that characterize the possible areas of tourism work. It is properly structured, contextualized learning, incorporating technical operations in tourism (in the areas of accommodation, travel agencies, tourist information), based on a set of activities intended to be entrepreneurial, interdisciplinary, experiential and social. The intention is to provide the student with skills not only in the technical domain (the so-called "hard skills"), but also social and human skills ("soft skills"). The ultimate goal is to contribute to the development of professional skills in tourism and also the students as citizens who must be aware of their role in today's increasingly global world.

Thus, the methodologies developed under the concept of Learning Lab intend to explore and design transformational environments that will comprise the future reality of tourism students, framed by new educational contexts, such as experiential or transformative teaching (Brancard & Quinnwilliams, 2012; Cranton, 2006; Kolb, 2015). The Learning Lab includes a practical (not only) component, always concerned with properly framing it with theoretical knowledge that helps students understand the more operational procedures within exercises based on reflection and critical thinking. The activities proposed include five thematic areas: 1. Seminars & Talks; 2. Workshops (always with a practical component); 3. Support for Congresses and Events; 4. Field Outputs for Participant and Non-Participant Observation of Actual Work Contexts; 5. Watching documentaries/videography with reflection and discussion.

Within this Learning Lab rationale, this poster aims to present and share the benefits of using practical research tools in tourism education environments, based on two exploratory exercises (Rodrigues, 2019): (a) the use of visual-based methodologies (e.g. Photovoice); and (b) the use of Participant and Non-Participant Observation as a method of collecting and analysing situations. The goals of each exercise, the whole pedagogical procedure and methodology and the corresponding results will be presented. The authors of this poster (both tourism teachers for about 20 years) strongly advocate that the use of innovative pedagogical tools such as image and participatory-based exercises like these provide sufficient stimulation to engage learners in knowledge discovery, and simultaneously develop new skills that are truly important for tourism students. As stated by Mitchell, “at the heart of visual work is its facilitation of reflexivity in the research process (…)” (2008, p. 374). Thus, employing visual and participatory-based methods within and outside the classroom potentially makes the classroom more dynamic and motivated, facilitating understanding of the topics, concepts and phenomena under study and the education process itself. In an educational context, visual-based methods encourage students to strengthen their critical thinking, cognitive flexibility, reflexivity and awareness about today’s world. They allow the student to transform their observations and pictures into memorable narrative images that will shape their future as a tourism workers.

Acknowledgments. The authors would like to thank to the group of students from the 2nd year of the tourism degree course, Polytechnic Institute of Beja/Portugal, who agreed to participate in this study. References Brancard, R. & Quinnwilliams, J. (2012). Learning labs: collaborations for transformative teacher learning. Special Issue: Teacher Collaboration in TESOL, 3(3), 320-349. Cranton, P. (2006). Understanding and promoting transformative learning: A guide for educators of adults (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kolb, D. A. (2015). Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development, USA: Pearson Education, Inc. Mitchell, C. (2008). Getting the picture and changing the picture: visual methodologies and educational research in South Africa. South African Journal of Education, 28, 365-383. Rodrigues, A. (2019). The Use of Visual Methods in Tourism Classes: The Case of Photo Essay, Cartoons and Videography. In Antónia Correia & Metin Kozak (Eds.), Tourism Analysis (submitted paper).

ABSTRACT. Introduction: Among the principles of the Brazilian Nation Health System, Equity is related to recognizing the differences in living and health conditions, and accordingly, directing greater care to those who need it the most. It is emphasized that people living on the street have almost 70 times more chances of becoming ill from tuberculosis (TB) when compared to the general population. In order to expand access to the health services for this population, in 2011 the Ministry of Health implemented the Street Clinic (Consultório na Rua) Teams, aiming to provide integrative, mobile health care (Ministério da Saúde, 2019). Objective: To identify strategies, human resources, materials and health services used by the street clinic teams in a large city in the state of São Paulo, to promote access of people with TB living on the streets. Method: This was a descriptive, exploratory study of a qualitative nature, using the theoretical-methodological basis of French Discourse Analysis (Orlandi, 2003). This aims to identify how a symbolic object produces meanings, understanding that history is manifested in the language by means of words. The discourse is not closed, it is an ongoing process, in movement with simultaneous relationships between emitter and receiver that are based on three pillars of knowledge, Linguistics, Marxism and Psychoanalysis. Interviews were carried out with professionals that compose the Street Clinic teams in the city of São Paulo. Transcripts were organized using the ATLAS ti 7 software. Result: Four discursive blocks emerged: characterization of the care; structure of services for care to the person with TB; incentives: cure x disease maintenance; and organization of the work. It was identified that the strengthening of the bond between patients and health care providers allows the expansion of access to the service for early detection, treatment, monitoring and cure of the person with TB, together with the performance of intersectoral actions. It was verified that the provision of consumables as an incentive to treatment does not constitute an effective strategy, since the person in a street situation does not have a place to cook the food from the basic food hamper that is provided, nor have use for the transport ticket, since this population usually travels great distances on foot. Furthermore the daily snack, a consumable that actually did fulfill its real need, stopped being supplied. It was observed that the practices that organize the work of the teams act in a distinct way, looking at the individual in a street situation through the formation of a bond and differentiated acceptance. Teamwork was highlighted as fundamental, with the basis of planning and continuity of actions being in the case discussions and networking. Conclusion: The care model carried out by the street clinic teams contributes to reducing social and health inequities, guaranteeing rights, promoting access and helping to cure tuberculosis, even considering the intensely vulnerable realities.

ABSTRACT. The aim of the presentation is to show the specificity of media discourse on the higher education reform in Poland and also the methodological way used to capture the character of this discourse. The process of preparing for the neo-liberal reform of Minister Barbara Kudrycka as well as its implementation were animatedly discussed in the public debate. The context of the reform, generating numerous differentiated problematizations, intensified (re)production of specific discourse about education. The presentation comprises the results of the broader research project supported by the National Science Centre in Poland (see Anonymous, 2018; Anonymous, 2019; Anonymous, 2019). The time frame, related to the reform (2011 to 2014) determines the selection of texts to be analysed. These were press articles from the six most opinion-forming Polish newspapers. The analytical work on the selection of texts was divided into 2 stages: • selecting texts connected with criticism of the reform (a total of 84 texts), • extracting texts containing threads related to academic education – a total of 55 and these were the dominant threads in the whole collected material. In the face of this tendency to dominate the discourse on academic education, we asked how it comes to the fore in criticizing the reform? Searching for the answer the Foucauldian categories (Foucault, 1972) were helpful: • the surfaces of emergence of the discourse object; • systems of specification according to which the "issue" of academic education comes to the fore; • the instances of authority by the power of which the "truth" of academic education is pronounced. Surfaces of emergence of the discourse object indicate in what context the reform appears as an object of statements. It is about the spaces in which some specific domains of social life have been linked to the university and incorporated into the “problems” of the university. Systems of specification, in turn, refer to the principles which separate, merge, group and classify objects of statements according to their selected properties. Another rule – authorities of delimitation – describes those agencies which are responsible for expressing particular contents and forms of knowledge. The analyzed discourse on academic education emerged on 2 surfaces of the criticism of the reform: at the level of thematization and the level of argumentation. At the thematic level, it concerns mainly some areas related to financial issues. The press criticism of the reform was dominated by arguments referring to education: weakening access to education, decreasing the quality of education – education was presented as endangered. The danger may affect schools as places of educational practices, teachers as providers of education, and students as its recipients. The most popular thematic threads (such as the financing of higher education, tuition fees and scholarships) construct the image of education primarily through the figures of: schools and students. The criticism of the reform of science and higher education has become a space for the public legitimization of financial problems connected with academic education.

ABSTRACT. Whereas people with severe mental illnesses (SMIs) traditionally received care in large psychiatric institutions, recently there has been a paradigm shift towards recovery-oriented mental health care, which aims to increase the integration and participation of people with SMIs in society (Medeiros, McDaid, Knapp & the MHEEN Group, 2010). Although this has led to a significant decrease in hospital-based care, there is still a small group of people who need inpatient care for a longer period of time. These people have treatment-resistant positive symptoms, persistent negative symptoms, and impeding cognitive, social and functional impairments (Farkas, Rogers, & Thurer, 1987). They require high levels of support and ongoing treatment in a clinical setting, which mostly consists of pharmacotherapy, psychological therapy such as psycho-education and cognitive behavioural therapy, occupational and work-related daytime activities. Specifically for this population, the Active Recovery Triad (ART) model has been developed in the Netherlands (van Mierlo et al., 2016). According to the ART model, people with SMIs, family members, and mental health care professionals should work actively together to promote recovery. In the present study, we aim to investigate to what extent people with SMI’s, family members and mental health care professionals perceive the care that they either receive or give as recovery-oriented. In order to investigate this, focus group meetings were organized at six mental health institutions in the Netherlands. At each institution two meetings were organized, one for people with SMIs, and one for relatives and staff. In this manner, people with SMIs could be more open about their experiences, since possible concerns or complaints would not be heard by the staff. In these focus groups, people discussed the status quo regarding the quality of care that was provided within the institutions, and possible barriers or facilitators of recovery that they perceived. The results of these focus group meetings will be compared to the results of the translated Dutch version of the Recovery Oriented Practices Index (ROPI; Mancini, & Finnerty, 2005). The ROPI can be used to investigate to what extent mental health care teams provide recovery-oriented care. It was administered during an interview with the manager of a mental health care team. The ROPI consists of 26 items, measuring the following 8 domains of recovery-oriented care: (1) meeting basic needs, (2) comprehensive services, (3) network supports and community integration, (4) service user involvement and participation, (5) strengths-based approach, (6) customization and choice, (7) self-determination, and (8) recovery focus. We will investigate to what extent there are similarities and differences in these domains between the ROPI and the outcomes of the focus groups. The results of this comparison will be discussed at the conference.

References

Farkas, M.D., Rogers, E.S., & Thurer, S. (1987). Rehabilitation outcome of long-term hospital patients left behind by deinstitutionalization. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 38: 864–870.

Mancini, A.D., & Finnerty, M.T. (2005). Recovery Oriented Practices Index (unpublished). New York: New York State Office of Mental Health.

Medeiros, H., McDaid, D., Knapp, M. & the MHEEN Group (2010). Shifting Care from Hospital to the Community in Europe: Economic Challenges and Opportunities. MHEEN II Policy Briefing 4 London.

van Mierlo, T., van der Meer, L., Voskes Y., Berkvens, B., Stavenuiter B.,& van Weeghel J. (2016). De kunst van ART. Werkboek Active Recovery Triad. Utrecht: De Tijdstroom.

ABSTRACT. Dr. Elise Bromann Bukhave, University College Absalon, DK

The last two decades have seen a rise in usage of visual research methods, which have been employed in diverse fields such as anthropology, sociology, organizational studies and public health. Visual methods comprise a variety of practices. Participatory visual methods feature the active involvement of research participants and grant authority to the researched rather than the researcher. The objective of this presentation is to discuss benefits and limitations of photo-interviewing in a health care setting with the purpose of exploring everyday life. Researcher-initiated and participant-generated photographs as the subject of interviews represent a new approach to data collection in health research. Photo-interviewing was tested as a qualitative research technique in an empirical study within a group of elderly people diagnosed with hand osteoarthritis. The participatory visual methodology was employed to explore first-person perspectives and to broaden our understanding of patients’ experiences of challenges in everyday life. The generation of data proceeded in three steps starting with individual in-depth interview with 31 participants. The initial interviews were guided by an interview-guide created and tested by the researcher in two prior pilot interviews. Using purposive sampling study participants were recruited through rheumatologists and via an invite in a member magazine. In the second step, 12 participants from the original group were each provided with a digital compact camera. They were encouraged to take photographs of activities and events in their daily life. The activities and events should be illustrative of what it is like living with hand osteoarthritis – possibilities as well as limitations. Subsequently, in step 3, the researcher carried out an interview facilitated by the participant-generated photographs. The employed visual methodology proved to be both manageable, and to support a person-centered approach. It could even out the unequal power relation between researcher and the in the interview situation. Participant-generated photographs proved to be well suited for shedding light on subjective embodied experiences and for engaging participants in common reflections on everyday life. Exploring everyday life can sometimes be challenging with conventional research methods, as this kind of knowledge is often considered mundane or trivial, and therefore remains tacit knowledge during the interview. The follow-up interviews opened for new perspectives on topics from the previous in-depth interviews or introduced entirely new subjects in the follow-up photo-interview. Photographs were integrated in the interview transcripts and analysis was performed following the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) guideline (Smith & Osborn, 2003). Thus, there are a number of advantages to employing a visual approach within health research. But there are also limitations. Participatory visual methods entail some critical ethical issues, which require special attention. This calls for a high level of personal judgment from the researcher. Conclusion: The combination of photographs and interviews provided the researcher with unique insight into participants’ understanding of their everyday life and was easily applicable. Yet there are some methodological issues related to ethics to be addressed.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to give voice to the actors who produce SUS, seeking to understand the affections, ideas and intentions that move managers in the daily work of the health services. A qualitative study was conducted through in-depth interviews with 13 professionals from the city of Jundiaí / SP. The sample was defined by the saturation method and for the interpretation of the data, the Content Analysis Technique Thematic Modality was used. As a guideline for the analysis, managers' experience in dealing with public health was considered and the following categories were identified: living work, work as a promoter of subjectivities and self representation, autonomy-management, representation of the public sphere. The study revealed what managers feel, conceive, and dream about performance and the importance of their role in managing care projects and work processes that embody SUS principles.

ABSTRACT. During childhood the child acquires a set of motor skills, which allows him to explore the environment and develop organizational schemes. Globally many children have mobility disorders, the most frequent being congenital or acquired. The intervention of the rehabilitation nurse is necessary to guarantee the satisfaction of the needs of these children. The objective of this study is to systematize the interventions of the rehabilitation nurse in the promotion of the functionality of the child with alterations of the mobility of congenital or neurological cause, being carried out an integrative review of the literature. It is concluded that the interventions of the rehabilitation nurse emphasize motor rehabilitation, in particular the training of walking and of life activities, as well as health education for the parents, are fundamental for the promotion of the functionality of these children.

ABSTRACT. The use of webQDA qualitative analysis software proved to be powerful for data analysis, since it optimized the data organization, expanded the treatment and allowed the deepening of the empirical data analysis through the discourse analysis technique. The support of webQDA allowed to identify the meanings and perceptions attributed by the participants about the research theme. However, its use for data treatment needs to be combined with a qualitative analysis technique aligned with the study theoretical and conceptual framework. But, although the software allows the analysis of different text formats, the restriction on file size is an important limitation, as well as the impossibility of automatically calculating the number of codes in each of the themes and subthemes.

ABSTRACT. This presentation explores the role of moral imagination in qualitative social research drawing on the results of qualitative research with Polish social researchers. Thus, it offers a critical reflection about the axiological dimension of qualitative research. The presentation has two objectives. Firstly, it aims to demonstrate that moral imagination is essential for ethical social research. The concept of moral imagination is often discussed in a theoretical context (e.g. Johnson, 1993; Narvaez & Mrkva, 2014) or in that of business ethics (e.g. Moberg & Seabright, 2000; Vidaver-Cohen, 1997; Werhane, 1999). However, in social qualitative research, its relevance is not well recognised. Instead, quality researchers usually attach greater importance to reflexivity understood as a continuous process of critical analysis of how knowledge is produced in research (critical analysis includes, among others, the research situation, research methods, the role of the researcher, etc.). Therefore, reflexivity is treated as a way to improve the quality and validity of the research and as a way of dealing with ethical issues in research practice (e.g. Berger, 2015; Doucet & Mauthner, 2002; Lahman, 2018). In the context of research ethics, Marilys Guillemin and Lynn Gillam (2004) argue that reflexivity creates a bridge between 'procedural ethics' and 'ethics in practice'. According to them, it is particularly useful in solving ethical dilemmas, which are often context-dependent and difficult to predict in advance. In my presentation I point out that reflexivity is a key and necessary but not sufficient condition for the ethical conduct of qualitative social research. To create the bridge mentioned by Guillemin and Gillam, we also need a moral imagination, i.e. the ability to imagine different points of view on a given situation, different options for action and their consequences, as well as evaluating possibilities (Werhane & Moriarty, 2009). From the presented point of view, moral imagination includes reflection, but is not limited to it. Secondly, the aim of my presentation is to show how Patricia H. Werhane's concept of moral imagination for business ethics can be adapted for social qualitative research. According to Werhane (1999), moral imagination begins not with a general but with a particular situation. This process includes several steps: 1) using reflexivity, i.e. becoming aware of all the contexts and factors that influence one’s perception of a situation or a problem, to disengage from one’s primary framework, and envision possible conflicts or dilemmas; 2) reframing the situation or problem from various perspectives; 3) creating new possibilities or solutions; 4) evaluating the possibilities or solutions by using consequences analysis and balance approach (De Colle & Werhane, 2008). This concept has already been introduced to qualitative research by Susan Kiragu & Molly Warrington (2012). They used the framework of moral imagination to deconstruct the process of ethical and methodological decision-making while conducting research with girls in primary schools in Kenya. This is a good example of how moral imagination contributes not only to avoiding harm, but also to doing good. However, their analysis focuses more on specific ethical problems and dilemmas than on how to apply the concept of moral imagination to qualitative social research in general. For example, it is difficult to say how their way of achieving reflectiveness or reframing the problem can translate into the situations of other researchers, how it can be utilized by other researchers. In contrast, my presentation focuses on the application of the concept of moral imagination to qualitative social research. It shows how researchers can achieve and develop individual steps to engage moral imagination in ethical decision making. For example, the paper highlights the role of different ethical approaches in reframing the situation or problem (e.g. the ethics of care, deontology and consequentialism). This reframing with reference to various ethical approaches was not mentioned by Werhane or Kiragu and Warrington (according to the latter, moral imagination is strictly connected with a consequentialist approach to research ethics, which, however, may limit moral imagination to a single framework). My research shows that such reframing could be useful. The paper draws on in-depth interviews with 56 Polish social researchers. The interviews generally focused on the researchers’ experiences and opinions about the ethical practices and dilemmas in qualitative research with vulnerable participants. For example, one of the goals of research was to determine what ethical choices are made by researchers during research and what the reasons behind these choices are. The recruitment method was maximum variation sampling (Patton, 1990). The participants were at various stages of their academic careers (11 professors, 32 post-doctoral researchers and 12 PhD students) and represented 13 research centres and universities in Poland. Some of them defined themselves as sociologists (n=34), some as socio-cultural anthropologists (n=20) and some as both (n=3). All interviewees were experienced in qualitative research with people who are particularly susceptible to harm due to their unprivileged position, such as, for example, the homeless, the poor, sex workers, refugees and people with disabilities. The researchers used different research approaches (e.g. postpositivism, action research, feminist methodology) and various research methods (e.g. participatory observation, biographical interviews, photovoice). All interviewees were digitally recorded, fully transcribed and coded by meaning condensation and meaning categorisation (Kvale, 1996). To sum up, I argue that there is a need for moral imagination in qualitative social research for several reasons. First, as Werhane (1999) stresses, much unethical behaviour of managers results from a lack of moral imagination. This is also true for social researchers. Secondly, moral imagination is important in the ethical and methodological decision-making process, because it helps to take into account different points of view and possible alternatives. Thirdly, the conception of moral imagination can be useful in solving many dilemmas and ethical problems in qualitative social research. Thus, the concept of moral imagination is worth discussing.

ABSTRACT. Introduction: the chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are those of non infectious and non comunicable character presenting themselves in people.(Kim & Oh, 2013) it has been considered that the increase in the population and the life expectancy cause an increase in the number of aldults and the older people which are susceptible to suffer from NCDs that leads to incapacitating secuels. (World Health Organization, 2012) Tabaquism and alcoholism, overweight, physical inactivity, the increase in blood pressure and colesterol are important risk factors that carry to the appearance of these diseases.(Kim & Oh, 2013). The NCDs have increase exponencially in the last few years, the people suffering from them present dependency leading them to require a caregiver, in this relationship cares are given and received which affect the dyad due to the loss of their autonomy. Objective: To describe the meaning perceived by the dyad in the experience of the Non-communicable disease, that allows to recognize the self-values of the care interaction. Method: Qualitative study, with phenomenologic hermeneutic approach, using the theoric concerning of Van Manen, (Van Manen, 2014) it start off from the postulate that comprenhension and the actions are intersubjectives and arise from a particular world shared with others, (Heidegger, 1974) the goal in the phenomenologic hermeneutic investigation is the comprenhension of the meaning of the participants experience(Heinonen, 2015). The analysis was realized through the proposal of Van Manen. Approved by the ethics comittee of the Surcolombiana University. Results: Six dyads were interviewed. The following topics emerged: feeling gratitude for the family support, care and care feet in dependence, chronicity, deal with the roughness of disease, sharing care without becoming a burden and spirituality as strength to continue. Conclusions: The caregivers are women, housewifes, that fulfill the care labor, with no social recognition, only the personal satisfaction for giving support to the loved one, with no previous training or capacitation, only what they can see and receive from the health institutions where their loved ones had been hospitalized. The dyad lives in a constant way the fact of caring and being cared. The caregiver cares like a mechanism of compensating the benefits receive by the loved onen meanwhile the person cared fights for not becoming a burden, these relationship is constituted in a meaningful experience that reconstruct the life of both. Descriptors: Family, caregivers, Chronic Disease, hermeneutics, qualitative research (Bireme DeCS, Mesh) Acknowledgments To the Surcolombiana University for their support. To the caregivers and their relatives for giving us the chance of sharing the experience of caring and being cared. References Heidegger, M. (1974). El ser y el tiempo. (F. de cultura Economica, Ed.) (Vol. 5a.). México: Fondo de Cultura Económica. Heinonen, K. (2015). Levels of reduction in van Manen’s phenomenological hermeneutic method: an empirical example. Nurse Researcher (2014+), 22(5), 20. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nr.22.5.20.e1327 Kim, H. C., & Oh, S. M. (2013). Noncommunicable diseases: Current status of major modifiable risk factors in Korea. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 46(4), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.4.165 Organizacion Mundial de la Salud. (2012). Estadísticas Sanitarias Mundiales 2012. Ginebra. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44858/1/9789243564449_spa.pdf?ua=1 Van Manen, M. (2014). Phenomenology of practice: meaning-giving methods in phenomenological research and writing (1st ed.). Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.

ABSTRACT. 1 Introduction Since the mid-twentieth century, feminist and women's movements in opposition to the dominant ideology, have begun to hold the State responsible for the definition of policies directed to Education, aiming to accelerate and deepen cultural changes. The woman was no longer confined to her role as a traditional caregiver, dividing her time between out-of-home employment and family responsibilities and child-rearing (Bailey & Graves, 2016). However, the continuity of beliefs, stereotypes and values is a non-deconstructed reality that still exists today. Its causes are based on the subordination position that the woman occupies in a patriarchal social structure, being seen as a cultural legacy, inserted in the traditional family structure. The difference in power between the sexes, particularly in the space of intimate relationships, is manifested and reinforced in the context of domestic violence, through conjugal violence, based on the exercise of control over the victim (Santamarina, Ayerdi & Odriozola, 2015; Taylor & Jasinski, 2011).

2 Methodological procedures In this research, we seek to know how the perceptions of the young students about the roles of men and women in the family, reveal (in) visibilities of gender and possible changes in the relationships between social roles. This study intends to analyze the comments written by 45 students, 30 girls and 15 boys, between 15 and 17 years of secondary school and different curricular areas, a school in the district of Porto. The corpus consists of 45 texts, ranging from 180 to 300 words, individually written in a classroom situation, in 2018, with the theme "The Role of Man and Woman in the Family of the 21st Century." Data collection was authorized by the school management. The texts were subjected to content analysis, with the help of webQDA ® software (Costa, Moreira & de Souza, 2019), coding the sources distinguished between the family and gender dimensions. Throughout the discussion of results, we will use the term unit of reference as units of record, which may be the phrase or set of words that make sense and have meaning. From the data analysis, two categories were considered: (1) gender stereotypes in family relationships and (2) paradigm shifts in family relationships. 3 Analysis and discussion of results Table 1 shows the result of the triangulation matrix between gender stereotypes in family relations and the boys and girls, with four subcategories. Table 1. Gender stereotypes in family relations Category Subcategories Items. of reference (Girls) Items. of reference (boys) Gender stereotypes in family relations Coexistence of gender stereotyping with the stereotype of the tasks 35 21 Family as traditional women's fate 10 18 Traditional roles of man and woman 9 11 Domestic violence against women 0 8 In descending order of reference units, as the first subcategory, emerges the coexistence of the gender stereotype with the stereotype of the tasks (56 units of ref.), as referred in the literature review on the division of tasks, perceived as female or male, with more reference by girls (35 units of ref.). In the subcategory traditional roles of men and women (20 units. of ref.), with enumeration of well - defined tasks, both boys and girls (11 and 9 units of ref.) referred to the traditional role of women. Thus, the sub - family as traditional women's destination registers a significant number of instances (28 units of ref.), confirming a limited view of woman housewife and caretaker of the children, with more units in the vision of the boys. Finally, although less significantly, it should be noted that the boys stand out domestic violence against women (8 units of ref.), showing a reality associated with gender roles and the exercise of male power. Table 2 shows the result of the triangulation matrix between the paradigm shift in family relationships and boys and girls, with 3 subcategories. Table 2. A paradigm shift in family relationships Category Subcategories Items. of reference (Girls) Items. of reference (boys) A paradigm shift in family relationships New ways of living the family 60 34 Equitable division of household chores and caring for children 12 8 Reversal of traditional roles 5 3 As for the second category, paradigm shift in family relations, three subcategories were defined. About the first subcategory, it is evident the perception of new ways of living the family (94 units of ref.). This is an emerging subcategory, expressed in the texts of the students, proving a new way of looking at the family, justified due to new family reorganizations and as a result of the implementation of the "Health Education Project", in a school context. Students mentioned "single parents", "shared custody" and "homosexual couples", in coexistence with the nuclear family, predominantly in girls (60 units of ref.). Accordingly, the students refer to equitable division of household chores (20 units. of ref.) And other indicate a reversal of traditional roles (8 units of ref.), where appropriate, particularly for girls (5 units of ref.). 4 Conclusions The identity of women in the family, as well as the concept of the family itself, is still under construction, accompanying the social-historical evolution of a globalized world (Wall, et al., 2016). Even so, the patriarchal social structure still supports the scourge of domestic violence, evidencing values of women's subordination and the role of the man as head of the family (Paulino, 2016). The analysis allows us to conclude that gender patterns in the division of tasks reveal an accumulation of roles and responsibilities on the part of women, which explains, unlike some studies (OECD, 2016; Bianchi , Sayer ,Milkie & Robinson, 2012; Wagner, Predebon , Mosmann & Verza , 2005; Fleck & Wagner, 2003), the perception of some young students of non-coexistence of the gender stereotype with the stereotype of tasks, in a partition not perceived as feminine. References Bailey, L. & Graves, K. (2016). Gender and education. Review of Research in Education, 40, 682-722. Bianchi, S .; Sayer, L .; Milkie, M. and Robinson, J. (2012). Housework: Who did, does or will do it, and how much does it matter? Social Forces, 91 (1), 55-63. Costa, AP, Moreira, A. & de Souza, FN (2019). webQDA (version 3.1) - Qualitative Data Analysis. Aveiro University and MicroIO, Aveiro - Portugal. Fleck, A. & Wagner, A. (2003). The woman as principal responsible for the economic sustenance. Psychology Studies, 8, 31-38. OECD(2016). Education at a Glance 2016. Available in http://www.cnedu.pt/pt/noticias/internacional/1150-relatorio-ocde-education-at-a-glance-2016 Paulino, M. (2016). Forensic psychology of spousal violence: Psychodynamics, forensic mental health issues and research. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press. Santamarina, D. Ayerdi, K., & Odriozola, L. (2015). Intragender violence, the new challenge is correct news coverage. Contemporary, Communication and Culture, 13 (3), 636-658. Taylor, R., & Jasinski, J. (2011). Femicide and the feminist perspective. Homicide Studies, 15 (4), 341-362. Wagner, A. Predebom, J. Mosmann, & Verza C. F. (2005). Share tasks? Roles and functions of father and mother in the contemporary family. Psychology, Theory and Research, 21 (2), 181-186. Wall, K. et al., (2016). White Paper men and gender equality in Portugal. Lisbon: ICS- CITE. available in http // cite.gov.pt / asstscite / images / papelhomens / Livro_Branco_Homens_Igualdade_G.pdf

ABSTRACT. This paper traces the emerging methodological paradigm known as post qualitative research, beginning with an overview of its underpinning concepts and the points of departure it introduces. A critical review of doctoral theses follows, giving insights into its application and the challenges that arise. The paper culminates by arguing for caution. The foundational element of post qualitative is the centrality of the researcher. In the struggle for academic credibility post qualitative theory is frequently misread, taking on the authoritative hues of textbook omnipotence. Such misapplication undermines the ontological / methodological openness that constitutes the very advancement from traditional qualitative methodology.

The telos of research is what Heidegger refers to as un-concealment, the unambiguous communication of the truth. When placed inside paradigms like postmodernity and post-structuralism, challenging the binarity of truth and pointing to multiplicity, questions emerge: Whose truth does my research represent? What reality does it capture? Can it be reproduced? Is it original? It is from this aporia that post qualitative leads methodology out, through suggesting a different understanding of what research is. As noted by St. Pierre (2011, p. 611), the humanities have relied on methodologies established by different areas. Areas that tend to positivism, thus creating an overt reliance on metrics. Metrics that when applied to the humanities offer only exclusion. Exclusion of the researcher as an affective agent, of what is experienced but not quantifiable, of the assemblage that is life. Research lapsing to what Nietzsche highlighted as “The error of thinking that the mind caused reality! And to make it the measure of reality!” (2005, p. 178). Post qualitative transcends this positivist approach by striving for research accuracy that answers to the root Latin word accuratus, meaning done with care, as opposed to the modern ‘correct in all details’ (Fusco, 2008).

Embracing the full complexity that is the humanities, “the too strange and the too much” (St. Pierre, 2018, p. 607), instead of examining approximations, post qualitative successfully occults what is obscured under traditional methodology. Grounded on the theoretical crux between Deleuze and Foucault, writing becomes a form of inquiry (Richardson, 1994). Reality reveals itself through the text, paying tribute to Derrida’s concept of Archi-writing (Derrida, 1981). Searching for the things that are not said and cannot be transcribed. Data is collected as one writes (St. Pierre, 2017, p. 690).

Through an indicative review of post qualitative doctoral theses, we see the researcher emerging as a bricoleur, using whatever is there, switching between methods or devising new ones. We see texts that are not finite, the thesis as being always in the making. The familiar chapter structure seems redundant. A plural yet consistent language is used, adopting novel approaches such as theses organised in plateaus or use of composite characters, inviting us to reassess the notions of validity or generalisability. The most important break from traditional methodology is the position of the researcher. Taking from Foucault: “Each time that I’ve tried to do theoretical work it has grown out of elements of my own experience” (Foucault, 1982, p. 35), research is considered as an ‘autobiographical fragment’. Thus, the researcher never becomes a removed methodological hegemon, over and outside the data. Research, data collection, analysis and theory all are entwined in the liminal personality that is the researcher, breaking the ”…tripartite division between a field of reality (the world) and a field of representation (the book) and a field of subjectivity (the author)” (Deleuze & Guattari, 2013, p. 24).  In short, theory is assembled as scaffolding to support and explain the complex cosmos of a researcher that looks for the “glow” data (MacLure, 2010), and is “listening to gut feelings” (Brown, 2019), whilst been lost in a sea of unknowingness and disorientation (Lather, 2017, p. 180).

Not unlike traditional qualitative research in its infancy, post qualitative researchers struggle for academic acceptance. The shifting of the thesis as being about research methodology and not research in itself, is frequently reported. Seemingly post-qualitative has to be validated each time anew. Theorists turn to answer this problematic by producing a growing body of literature, reconciling academic requirements with the openness inherent in post qualitative. Ethics, structure, rigour and most notably an evaluation framework (Richardson & St. Pierre, 2018, p. 823), are located in their new context and traced over the old. And it is in the potential misuse of these texts, as doppelgängers for categories that no longer hold, where an ontological threat is introduced.

From its inception, post qualitative has placed itself as research breaking free from its colonial roots, as not casting an ethnographical gaze on “the other” (Denzin & Lincoln, 2013). Yet the theoretical substrate of post qualitative has been criticised, as being conducive to the very colonialism it seeks to annul, as allowing for the existence of elements that our research “cannot say” (Spivak, 1994, p. 81). What is shared by those engaged in post qualitative is that they are part of the world they research. Not as intellectual conduits for the voiceless. But the voiceless themselves assembling voice, thus removing the element of external mediation that gave footing to Spivak’s critique.

As the looming question has become “…how we ontologize what remains in the next generation of qualitative inquiry ”(Lather, 2017, p. 340), and as ontology is the cornerstone of each of our realities, I argue that in the post spaces, it is vital for methodology to be used descriptively but not proscriptively. To pre-scribe a path reintroduces closure, mediation. The researcher is decentred anew. To adopt an ontological closure removes the ability to autonomously frame reality, as it is experienced: A fluid reality, different for everyone. I turn to the recent ontological definition of post qualitative as an “ontology of immanence” (St. Pierre, 2019) and argue that if methodological or ontological closure frames our research as point of departure and not point of arrival, we replicate what we sought to transcend. We no longer think with theory, but under theory.

ABSTRACT. Interest in qualitative research has increased in recent years due to its relevance to the deepening of themes that have traditionally been studied based on a quantitative paradigm. In the area of Human Resources Management, there is an effort to integrate traditional (micro) and macro (macro) management paradigms, so that the field of human resources needs more sensitive research to institutional and cultural contexts. Given the current state of art in the scientific area, it is essential to take stock of the studies carried out, i.e. thematic, methodologies for data collection and analysis. In order to consolidate knowledge of the specificities of qualitative research in human resources management, as well as the challenges that arise in terms of qualitative research in this scientific area, in particular in ethical terms. This paper presents a work in progress and will be detailed during the oral presentation.

ABSTRACT. In dance practitioners, the body image associated with the dance movement is a dynamic and complex phenomenon involving internal processes that impact on the psychological, emotional and behavioral domain. From an experiential approach centered on the perception of movement, we propose to study the body image of the dance student. We have developed and applied a somatic movement program to a group of dance students of higher education, using a qualitative methodological design with an approach with multiple data collection methods. The study is still in process but the objective of this article is to present, develop and substantiate the methodological procedures adopted, as well as to articulate them with the sub-question of the study, contributing to a clear understanding of how someone can investigate highly subjective concepts such as body experiences.

ABSTRACT. Studying manifestations of transgressive behaviors in the realm of consumer expenditures poses a challenge for researchers due to the difficulty to explore such deviations. This difficulty stems from two main sources. The first one is related to the intimate nature of these expenditures which may hinder easy participants’ openenss during classical unstructured interviews and make it difficult to cnfess such transgressions. The second one is related to participants themselves who may be unable to make sense of such expenditures and to easily access to their motivations as well as features of such transgressions. To overcome such limits, we present in this paper the potential of a not commonly used mixed approach, namely « Kelly Repertory Grid » approach consisting on a structured design combining qualitative exploration and quantitative analysis. Based on the personal construct theory developed by Kelly (1955),

ABSTRACT. This presents the results of a Review of the Literature developed in the databases PubMed, DOAJ, SciELO and EBSCOHOST carried out in the period from January to April 2019 from the guiding question. After applying the eligibility criteria, 15 texts have been worked out that bring as a central theme the problem experienced by trans-people in the access and use of the Unified Health Service. Ratifies the importance of the Study for the Review of Literature to ratify the importance of scientific evidence and gaps in knowledge.

ABSTRACT. The article is an experience report from the doctoral research entitled I do not want to be the sassy woman! I'd rather be Isabella Swan! Appropriations of the female identities by children in media reception, with the participation of seventeen children, aged between ten and thirteen years, that had as purpose to analyze the senses produced by them about feminine identities in media reception. We present the theoretical-methodological clipping of the research, based on the transmetology and multi-methodology (Maldonado, 2012, 2013, 2015). This perspective starts from the understanding that reality and its processes are appropriated in their multidimensionality and interdisciplinarity. Thus, we use multiple sources of data: Field Diary, Questionnaire, Design, text Production, Internet (Google and Social Networks) and Conversation Wheels. Thus, we used multiple data sources: Questionnaire, Drawing, written production, Internet (Google and Social Networks) and Conversation Circles. The results indicated strong relationships between the children’s choices and the feminine identities conveyed in the media, which are embedded in the experiences lived in their daily life.

ABSTRACT. The information systems, where the quality indicators are found, aim to standardise health records. Their provision translates into challenges and contributions, so we propose a reflection on this theme. With this research, you have access to the literature on their analysis, and a literature review on this issue has been published in the literature to obtain an indication of the literature on the quality information systems of nursing care, which have a positive impact on the quality of care, measuring the quality of the tests and, in addition, the comparability between them, with an impact in practice. It is concluded that the most intense clinical and health practices are related to the difficulty of professionals to perceive the impact of the data and indicators in nursing as the time spent for it.

ABSTRACT. Workplace stress has been associated with an increase in absenteeism and presentism in organisations, with a high impact on productivity and the well-being of employees. The objective is to design a model to provide the company with an awareness tool capable of generating insights that promote the well-being of employees in the workplace, providing greater comfort and motivation in the execution of tasks. The article presents an ongoing research paper based on a review of the literature on mechanisms for early recognition of risk factors associated with stress in the workplace in order to mitigate its impact on workers' performance, motivation and productivity. The model identifies a set of informational artefacts that have to be orchestrated in order to monitor behavioural patterns and analyse risk factors that influence the management of stress. This model is supported by the general theory of systems and supported in the Boyd Cycle allowing the manager to make real-time decisions. The model will have an object of study, the health sciences with a focus in the nursing discipline.

ABSTRACT. Between November 2018 and April 2019, the Evaluation Unit at Employment and Social Development Canada engaged the ESDC Innovation Lab to help conduct a Rapid Impact Assessment (RIA) of the New Horizons for Seniors Program (NHSP). NHSP provides funding for innovative projects enhancing seniors’ well-being. The ESDC Innovation Lab is a human-centered design lab within Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC), which uses qualitative and mixed-methods research to improve government programs and services for Canadians, with Canadians. The Evaluation Unit tasked the Lab to lead the pilot RIA, believing the Lab’s expertise in user research would be of substantial benefit. The Lab paired Design Thinking with Rapid Impact Assessment methodology to develop a new approach to evaluation and user-centered alternative scenarios.

A Rapid Impact Assessment evaluates program outcomes relative to a counterfactual – an alternative scenario that is plausible, feasible and legally compliant. The innovative potential of an RIA lies in its participatory process, efficiency, flexibility, and ability to complement other lines of evidence through triangulation. RIAs have been used a handful of times by the Government of Canada. In preliminary research for the NHSP RIA, the Lab consulted reports and individuals involved in past Government of Canada trials. These RIAs used the absence of the program as counterfactual. The Lab sought to build on past approaches to RIA by developing a more complex, alternate scenario, co-developed with beneficiaries of NHSP funding, seniors organizations, internal stakeholders, businesses and subject-matter experts.

This RIA intended to fill knowledge gaps regarding program outcomes and the needs of recipients/end-users through balanced integration of multiple perspectives. The Lab used design-thinking methodology alongside the RIA: this approach assessed the past and present of the program, while suggesting design solutions for future program iterations. The Lab engaged stakeholders through multiple workshops, co-creating and stress-testing solutions to current challenges with participants for the development of counterfactuals.

Design thinking and Rapid Impact Assessment marry well. In practice, each methodology follows parallel steps; Design Thinking includes empathy, framing, solutioning, prototyping and testing; Rapid Impact Assessment includes qualitative research, thematic definition, scenario creation, counterfactual creation, and assessment. When these analogous processes come together, Design Thinking embeds greater understanding of users into an evaluation process.

Fig. 1. This figure depicts a traditional Design Thinking cycle beside a Rapid Impact Assessment process, demonstrating the parallels between the two.

The RIA for NHSP developed a new, systematized approach to qualitative research by integrating the steps of a rapid evaluation with those of a design thinking cycle. To our knowledge, the ESDC Innovation Lab has pioneered this approach. It promises to increase the responsiveness of programs to user needs and provides lines of evidence for evaluation.

The ESDC Innovation Lab used different methods to gather, analyze, and articulate the results of mixed-methods research. Foundational data was pulled from a literature review. The ESDC Innovation Lab gleaned data from interviews, workshops, and unstructured focus groups. This data was analyzed for thematic overlap, and these themes were translated into visuals through graphic recording, effectively communicating complex data. We leveraged these visual aids in the field to spark unfiltered, emotional responses to issues effecting seniors’ well-being.

In addition to a November anecdote circle, we held two workshops in January and March 2019. These involved 15 and 80 participants respectively. Representation included government stakeholders from across departmental branches, beneficiaries of NHSP funding, failed applicants for funding, front-line caregivers, seniors, businesses and not-for-profit organizations serving seniors. The seniors and Seniors-serving organizations which we involved in our process comprised of diverse communities: women’s groups, groups representing ethnic minorities (Indian, Sri Lankan, Somali, Jewish, Chinese, Indigenous, etc.), the LGTBQ community, and those with different ability. Participants also covered a breadth in age, most between 50 to 80 years old.

We developed original, collaborative activities for each workshop. These activities were precisely engineered to cover gaps in current knowledge regarding NHSP, as well as the current and projected wellbeing of seniors. Activities reconsidered the Theory of Change for NHSP through divergence; explored programmatic tensions through gamification; pushed the boundaries of polarity-thinking through back-casting. We established user empathy with meta-ethnographic approaches; empathy mapping, personas based on research, and focus groups with individuals embedded in diverse seniors communities. The Lab analyzed content, discourse and narrative threads from research, triangulating and reporting on these insights for the use of Evaluation and external consultants.

The ESDC Innovation Lab provided a direct link between government and citizens for this project. The results of Lab interventions yielded insight into the current struggles of seniors-serving organizations and framed future issues. This insight was distilled into potential scenarios for counterfactuals and additional lines of evidence for the evaluation.

In addition to informing an evaluation process, the ESDC Innovation Lab produced bourgeoning design specifications for future iterations of NHSP. Insights into the needs, gaps, trends and desires of users were synthesized into potential programmatic “tweaks”. These design specifications could inform future iterations of NHSP for greater impact at a community and national level.

Together, RIA and Design Thinking methodologies engineer a space for divergent and convergent perspectives that challenge the fundamentals of a program. This pairing simultaneously evaluates the mistakes of the past and develops insights for the future. Design Thinking provides data rapidly to measure impact, while making implementation more iterative, flexible and responsive. This combined approach offers a channel to course-correct design failures and operational flaws more quickly.

The RIA for NHSP provided senior leaders with up-to-date information on program outcomes and client experience, and assessed the utility of RIA as an innovative approach to evaluation. Our counterfactuals responded to the challenges and experience of users, and addressed institutional bias by including cross-sector and citizen perspectives. Our solutions were feasible and realistic. The ESDC Innovation Lab recommends the results of this project inform future iterations of NHSP and the approach be repurposed for other program and policy areas where relevant.

The RIA for NHSP was a successful pilot process for the ESDC Evaluation Unit and the Lab. It expedited the evaluation process with great insight into user needs. This hybrid approach has been transformative to evaluation and will likely be repeated within ESDC as we reconsider evaluation within the public sector. References Evaluation Division, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (2016). Rapid Impact Evaluation of the Syrian Refugee Initiative. Canada. Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/ircc/Ci4-160-2016-eng.pdf

Federal/Provincial/Territorial Ministers Responsible for Seniors (2007). Age-Friendly Rural and Remote Communities: A Guide. Retrieved from: http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/library/publications/year/2007/AFRRC_en.pdf

Natural Resources Canada (2015). Evaluation Report: EcoENERGY for Alternative Fuels Program. Canada. Retrieved from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/evaluation/reports/2016/18646

Public Safety Canada (2016, June 6). 2015-2016 Evaluation of the Kanishka Project Research Initiative. Canada. Retrieved from https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/vltn-knshk-2015-16/index-en.aspx

SCHARLACH, A. E., & LEHNING, A. J. (2012). Ageing-friendly communities and social inclusion in the United States of America. Ageing and Society, 33(01), 110-136. doi:10.1017/s0144686x12000578

Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat (2018). Evaluation of the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat Values and Ethics Program. Canada. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/treasury-board-secretariat/corporate/reports/evaluation-tbs-values-ethics-program.html

Walsh, K., Scharf, T., & Keating, N. (2016). Social exclusion of older persons: a scoping review and conceptual framework. European Journal of Ageing, 14(1), 81-98. doi:10.1007/s10433-016-0398-8

Wister, A., Beaulieu, M., Butti, O., Napa Duffy, L., Emmerton, W. J., Evanchuk, J. T., … Johnson, C. S. (2017, February). Who’s at Risk and What Can Be Done About It? A Review of the Literature on the Social Isolation of Different Groups of Seniors. Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/edsc-esdc/Em12-26-2017-eng.pdf

ABSTRACT. This paper presents the first approaches of the field work carried out in the doctoral thesis project that aims to make visible, from a qualitative perspective, the experience of women community leaders of the municipality of Yumbo-Colombia at the local level; as well as to investigate and demonstrate, the importance that education has had in its processes of empowerment and leadership. The completion of the phases of the field work is described and the achievements obtained are reflected

ABSTRACT. Aims and Objectives: The engaged research project aims to develop community health through facilitating health empowerment, democratic participation and a social justice framework. This project works towards decolonizing knowledge systems through honoring indigenous tacit health knowledge systems. The researchers intend to enable community members to share, analyze and enhance their health knowledge and practices, and to plan, act, evaluate and reflect accordingly. The rich data obtained from the project is intended to strengthen and be incorporated into explicit, formal knowledge systems in the field of research and Pharmacy Practice.

Introduction: Everyone has the right to the highest attainable standard of health (WHO, 2015). As part of a comprehensive approach to health and human rights on both national and regional levels, the World Health Organization (WHO) has committed itself to strengthening the incorporation of human rights into healthcare systems and policies. This is being done through capacity building within the WHO and its Member States through advocacy, and through advancing the right to health in international law and international developmental processes (PAHO WHO, 2017; Türmen, Troedsson, & Stahlhöfer, 2001). Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) such as South Africa, however, still encounter great challenges to this vital human right to health ((Humanium, 2016). The vulnerable and marginalized populations of these countries predominantly experience the demoralizing effects of both communicable and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with major health and developmental consequences (WHO, 2015). Inadequate health coverage to rural areas, including rural game reserve villages, results in reduced access to healthcare. Despite increases in healthcare facilities in remote rural areas, significant barriers to health development remain such as affordability, mobility, travel costs, literacy, culture and the quality of healthcare, amongst others. Health inequalities within South Africa (SA) remain robust despite restorative efforts of the post-Apartheid government, and marginalized families are often unable to obtain even the most basic healthcare. To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), greater investment in disease prevention and health systems strengthening is required. There is a growing need to reform health systems through finding ways of doing more with existing resources. A suitable approach could be through harnessing innovative participatory, asset-based community health development strategies.

As healthcare professionals, pharmacists play a role in identifying the factors that contribute to the complex health challenges in social, cultural and behavioral contexts, to implement systematic and epistemically just health developmental activities accordingly (Higgins, 2012). The WHO emphasizes that in order to improve the effectiveness of the healthcare system and public health, pharmacists and fellow healthcare professionals have to engage in preventative care activities, services and health empowerment. More socially responsible approaches, such as health promotion, has consequently been included as one of the six components which forms the underlying philosophy of Good Pharmacy Practice by the WHO (Laliberté, Perreault, Damestoy, & Lalonde, 2012; Mittelmark, 1999; Monachino & Moreira, 2014; Resnik, 2007; WHO, 2012; Wojtaszczyk, 2008). More research needs to be done on how pharmacists play this role and how thinking about these social aspects can inform healthcare practice. This study, therefore, aims to fill this gap within the context of pharmacy practice and research.

Methodology: Knowledge is socially and historically located within a complex cultural context (Murphy & Ivinson, 2003). Respect for culture and awareness of power relations is therefore critical. The transformative paradigm’s epistemological assumption informs a cyclical model of research that incorporates the establishment of partnerships between researchers and community members and building trust (Mertens, 2007). It is also an innovative approach to health research, which aids in bridging the gap between science and practice through community engagement and social action to improve health equity (Dankwa-Mullan et al., 2010; Wallerstein & Duran, 2010). Consequently, this paradigm requires the researchers to recognize inequalities and injustices in society and poses a shared sense of responsibility. The researchers therefore directly engage in working inclusively with the communities to challenge the present circumstances within and advance health, social justice and human rights. Instead of resorting to academic literature to identify a research problem, the researchers employ a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods, inclusive of community member participation, to identify the focus of the research.

Through an engaged research project, we can understand the variables that determine community health. By facilitating development through an asset-based approach that incorporates the concerns of epistemic justice, these variables can be understood by communities and thereafter harnessed and adapted for health empowerment. In addition, the analysis of community health variables through systems analysis, allows researchers to capture the complexities involved in persistent complex health and social problems. These problems comprise of a high level of interconnectedness and interdependence on various levels which linear, chronological thinking alone cannot solve.

The current study is being conducted in six rural game reserve villages, up to 60km away from the nearest town. A mixed method exploratory sequential research design guides the generation of rich data through asset-based mapping workshops; voice recorded focus group discussions; semi-structured interviews and observations. The qualitative data collected are analyzed thematically using NVIVO® software and quantitative aspects are analyzed statistically and through VensimPLE®.

Results: SSIs conducted with participants, in Phase one, revealed that the availability and affordability of reliable transport services affect access to healthcare services and access to nutritious food resources to maintain good health and well-being. Individuals within these communities have seen a change in their lifestyle as it shifted from farming-based communities to hospitality-focused workers which impacted substance farming and severely affected the availability of fresh produce. The individuals most at risk are the elderly, disabled, low-income families and those with special healthcare needs.

Conclusion: Public health challenges are decidedly dependent on the knowledge, skills and motivation of human resources for health. There is a need for successful, cost-effective and epistemically just public health interventions that emphasize marginalized community participation in addressing their health challenges. Participatory research approaches focus on co-learning, applied knowledge production, and acknowledges the community as a unit of identity, solutions and practice. These characteristics align with those of epistemic justice, which is to acknowledge, value and involve prejudicially marginalized social groups as ‘knowers’.

ABSTRACT. Engineering Education Research (EER) emerged in recent years as an independent field of research, with its focus being student learning in engineering sciences and innovation in engineering education. Due to the broad scope of the study areas/fields to which EER resorts and of its aims, one would expect that the research methodologies used would also be diverse. A decade ago, a trend towards the use of quantitative methods was reported, but since then the use of qualitative methods has increased. Even though in Portugal there has been a positive evolution in EER, the structural and financial support is still modest, which may negatively influence the diversity and maturity of research methodologies. The aim of this paper is to analyse Portuguese EER on doctoral theses, identifying its methodological orientations, regarding its diversity and use of qualitative approaches, and by doing so, contribute to deepening the debate on this issue. The results corroborate the idea of positive evolution of Portuguese EER and confirm the trend of the engineering background of its researchers. The lack of a common vocabulary evidenced by the keywords is consistent with EER being emergent and not yet well established. The research strategy is only clearly stated by some theses’ authors, with the most frequent being case study, and mixed and qualitative methods. The absence of methodological information in the abstracts reiterates the need to raise awareness and did not allow conclusions regarding data analyses procedures. The results do not confirm the trend for the use of quantitative methods in EER, being consistent with an increase of qualitative methods and the prevalence of Educational Sciences doctoral programmes. The diversity of research strategies is in line with the interdisciplinary nature of EER. Future research will include retrieving data from the theses integral text, for a more comprehensive analysis of qualitative and mixed research approaches and procedures, in order to deepen the knowledge of these methodological orientations. Engineering Education Research: what place for qualitative methodological orientation in Portuguese doctoral theses?

ABSTRACT. Sibling sexual abuse (SSA) is considered the most prevalent and longest lasting type of interfamilial sexual abuse. At the same time, it is also the one least reported to authorities (Bass, Taylor, Knudson-Martin & Huenergardt 2006; Cyr, Wright, McDuff & Perron, 2002; McNevin, 2010). Self-disclosure of SSA, whether within or outside the family, is rare: it ends usually because the perpetrator matures and leaves the family home, hence its typically long duration (Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro, 2005; Finkelhor, 1980). Moreover, in fact, SSA survivors receive the lowest amount of therapeutic attention compared to other forms of interfamilial sexual abuse (Snyder, Bank & Burraston, 2005). Popular myths concerning SSA include assumptions of normality, harmlessness and mutuality, but these have been challenged by recent research (e.g. Ballantine, 2012; Tapara, 2012). According to these studies, the psychological implications of SSA may be at least as severe as the implications of other types of intrafamilial sexual abuse and may be felt throughout the survivors’ lifespan (Cyr et al., 2002; Monahan, 2010; see Tapara, 2012, for a review). Also, despite the long duration and often lifetime implications of SSA, relationships between adult and minor siblings involved in SSA as children have rarely been studied. The purpose of the present study was therefore to analyze adult SSA survivors’ experiences regarding their relationships with the perpetrator during childhood and adulthood. It addresses the following questions, motivated by the lack of research on the topic, and the need to better understand survivors to ensure adequate treatment and policy: (1) How do SSA survivors experience and perceive the sexual relationships with their siblings during childhood? (2) How do they perceive their current relationships?

The sample consisted of 15 adult survivors of SSA (13 women). Semi structured qualitative interviews were conducted in the participants’ homes or wherever else they chose, and lasted between 60 and 90 minutes. The content categories in the interview guide included the SSA event (e.g., Tell me your story; Tell me about the sexual abuse you experienced as a child); perceived effects of the abuse in the short and long term (e.g., How do you think the abuse affected your growing up? How do you think it affects your life in the present?); and the relationship with the perpetrator in the past and present. The interviews were taped and transcribed, and were analyzed using a qualitative thematic analysis approach (Braun & Clarke, 2006), which included several interrelated stages. Before beginning the analysis, the interviews were read several times in order for the author to become familiar with the data and to identify initial ideas. In the first stage, each interview transcript was entered as a case into the computer program (Atlas ti.5). In the second stage, all transcripts were divided into meaningful and manageable chunks of text, such as passages or quotations. Each segment was then coded with one or more codes that represented salient core issues arising from the text itself (Attride-Stirling, 2001). In the next stage, codes or group of related codes were synthesized into themes and subthemes based on their salience or frequency. In the final stage, the selected themes were further refined into themes specific enough to be discrete and broad enough to cover a set of ideas contained in numerous text segments (Attride-Stirling, 2001; Strauss & Corbin, 1998). At this stage, the author referred back to the transcripts to retrieve additional information as required to develop the themes (Maykut & Morehouse, 1994). In the last two stages, themes were further reviewed, refined and named. The themes were identified using inductive, data-driven analysis, a process of coding the data without trying to fit it into a preexisting coding frame or the researcher’s analytic preconceptions (Braun & Clarke, 2006) Thematic analysis of semi-structured qualitative interviews revealed two continua that characterize SSA survivors’ lives: the “reciprocity-coercion” continuum in childhood and the “distance- closeness” continuum in adulthood. On one end of the “reciprocity-coercion” continuum in childhood participants described reciprocal and mutually initiated sexual acts. On the other, they described coercive and intrusive acts initiated exclusively by the other sibling who was clearly perceived as abusive. In the middle of the continuum were non-reciprocal acts that were not perceived as abusive or coercive; rather, they were described as part of everyday life. For all participants, the sexual acts with their siblings ceased at some point in childhood or adolescence. All left their parents' home and were now living on their own or with spouses. Some had children. Adult life brought new perspectives on their childhood experiences. Some felt that they were carrying the SSA with them into adulthood and that it continued to affect their lives, making it difficult, for example, to form, maintain or physically enjoy intimate relationships. Others felt that the SSA no longer affected them in the present – it was like “their eye color”, as one participant described it. The “distance- closeness” continuum characterized participants’ relationships with the perpetrating sibling during adulthood . At one end, they were described by few participants as normal, with the past sexual relationships having no effect on the present. At the other end, most participants described having no contact with their siblings, and usually as a result of that, with the family as a whole. Thus, Findings reveal that regardless of how the relationships were perceived in childhood, most participants chose to distance themselves from their perpetrating siblings as adults. Even in cases where the relationships were considered mutual during childhood, reconceptualization of the abuse in adulthood led to renewed understanding of its meanings and implications for the survivors’ personal lives. The findings indicate the need for more profound understanding of SSA survivors’ experiences in childhood and adulthood. Understanding the complexity of SSA as experienced in childhood is important for formulating interventions better tailored to the emotional needs of the survivors, as opposed to the rather restrictive approach of treating them exclusively as “victims”. In addition, the findings indicate the need to consider the relationship with the perpetrator sibling in adulthood. A significant proportion of the participants in this study are struggling to keep a physical and emotional distance from the perpetrator sibling, and experience him as intrusive and deeply affecting their current lives. Understanding this in the therapeutic and professional context may be useful for helping survivors cope with their conflicting emotions toward the actual or virtual perpetrator. References Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385-405. Ballantine, M. W. (2012). Sibling incest dynamics: Therapeutic themes in clinical challenges. Journal of Clinical Social Work, 40, 56–65. Bass, L. B., Taylor, B. A., Knudson-Martin, C., & Huenergardt, D. (2006). Making sense of abuse: Case studies in sibling incest. Contemporary Family Therapy, 28(1), 87-109. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Caffaro, J. V., & Conn-Caffaro, A. (2005). Treating sibling abuse families. Aggression and violent behavior, 10(5), 604-623. Cyr, M., Wright, J., McDuff, P., & Perron, A. (2002). Intrafamilial sexual abuse: Brother–sister incest does not differ from father–daughter and stepfather–stepdaughter incest. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(9), 957-973. Finkelhor, D. (1980). Sex among siblings: A survey on prevalence, variety, and effects. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 9(3), 171-194.‏ Maykut, P., & Morehouse, R. (1994). Beginning qualitative research: A philosophic and practical approach. Washington, DC: Falmer. McNevin, E. (2010). Applied restorative justice as a complement to systemic family therapy: Theory and practice implications for families experiencing intra-familial adolescent sibling incest. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 31(1), 60-72. Monahan, K. (2010). Themes of adult sibling sexual abuse survivors in later life: An initial exploration. Clinical Social Work Journal, 38(4), 361-369.‏ Snyder, J., Bank, L., & Burraston, B. (2005). The consequences of antisocial behavior in older male siblings for younger brothers and sisters. Journal of family psychology, 19(4), 643-653. Strauss, A., J. Corbin (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. London: Saga. Tapara, A. (2012). Best practice guidelines for health service professionals who receive initial disclosures of sibling sexual abuse. Kotuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 7(2), 83-97.‏

ABSTRACT. Teenage stage is marked by physical body changes and accelerated brain development. Such development is characterized by self-focus, impulsiveness, poor cognitive control, and inability to plan. In the case of teenage mothers, normal development is weighed with mothering and social life challenges. The stage is marked by limited dependence on parental involvement in direction and decision making. The need for personal freedom among teenagers brings unwanted and negative outcomes leading to self-regulation inabilities. Self-regulation is the ability to manage thoughts, acts, and behavior to achieve long-term goals. The psychology scholars described self-regulation is a personality trait that is influenced by multiple factors. Such factors include personal, biological and environmental factors. The development of SR is influenced by the biological, caregiver support and environmental factors. The biological factors are fundamental in providing the initial point of personal development. The biological factors require cognitive development to plan and implement goals. More so, personal development requires caregiver support from parents or significant others within the family as co-regulators. The complexities of teenage mothering and the development of self-regulation skills required to bring all the factors into consideration. The study employed participatory action research through the university community engagement approach. The design was preferred based on its tenets of promoting freedom, democracy, social justice, and transformation. The study was coached by bricolage theoretical framework. The study co-researchers included teenage mothers, parents, neighbors, community members, and related leaders, neighbors and the research committee. The aim of such inclusive co-researchers was to promote inclusive problem identification, collaborative efforts in finding solutions with sustainable outcomes. The university community engagement approach enhanced reciprocal power-sharing among co-researchers in general. The research committee promoted of social justice and inclusiveness by having cyclic meetings with different such as, teenage mothers and parents separately, parents or teenage mothers with the researcher alone, community member and the researcher committee. This was to identify and mitigate possible threats to the oppression of the voice of the marginalized group. Critical dialogue among co-researchers provided an opportunity to understand long-standing social practices that prohibited free interaction. The study setting was a rural community within the Makhado municipality, in Limpopo South Africa. The community is ruled by two chiefs. The two chiefs agreed to work together to establish a common platform to share resources in finding solutions to enhancing self-regulation among teenage mothers through the university community engagement approach. To enhance trust and equity, a research team was democratically elected from both groups under each leadership. Data was generated through a series of meetings, telephonic conversations, focused group discussions, and general community meetings. The initial meeting between the two committee leaders and the university researchers provided supportive community entry. As a methodological bricoleur, I facilitated tinkering through multiple data generation methods to enhance social cohesion to enhance self-regulation among teenage mothers. Among others, critical ethnography was used to enhance critical dialogue to obtain the deeper meaning of observed actions, behavior, spoken words and practices. Co-researchers critically asked questions among each to obtain answers on observed practices among each other. Such practices were kept unquestioned within the community members before the study. Through the multi-methods, the multi-paradigm approach of bricolage, challenges, solutions, threats, conducive environment and evidence of success were identified. During a brainstorming session and community meetings challenges such as lack of teamwork among community leaders, poor communication between adults and teenage mothers, isolations and marginalization of teenage mothers and lack of goal setting and planning among teenage mothers to find solutions on the identified challenges. A spiral of meetings identified solutions such as general teenagers’ meeting to community teenagers meeting, use of the local school for a meeting, playing of indigenous games to enhance the unity among adults and teenage mothers. Furthermore, the research team identified a meeting of teenage mothers only meeting aimed at promoting freedom and privacy among the marginalized group. Progressively, a conducive environment was to created enhance integration of parents and teenage mothers. Parents and teenage mothers shared their experience, personal judgments that led to isolation, emotional challenges, and estranged relationship among each other. Data were analyzed through critical discourse analysis (CDA) to enhance the critical dialogue among co-researchers. Through CDA social and cultural practices that influenced the marginalization of teenage mothers were deconstructed and reconstructed. More so, co-researcher engaged in critical dialogue to reconstruct social practices that perpetuate marginalization which perpetuated self-regulation disabilities among teenage mothers. Through CDA, socio-cultural hegemonic practices were identified and deconstructed and new understanding created. On the other hand, community leaders ensured continuous monitoring and support of the study by encouraging members to attend and providing resources for meetings. Findings were that through the participatory action research community members joined hands in finding the solutions in enhancing self-regulation among teenage mothers. The marginalized teenager mothers were given an opportunity to vent the frustrations that originated from the homes and the community at large. The transformative effect of community engagement is that co-researchers acknowledged their own shortcomings and were willing to address them. Such improvements were initiated in the absence of the research team. In the final commissioning of the study, co-researchers agreed to continue encouraging other teenagers and adults where challenges are identified. In conclusion, the community engagement approach proved to be a vital instrument to address multiple emergent problems. The instrument catalyzed social cohesion, mutual understanding, reciprocal respect, and sustainable transformation. The approach is recommended for complex problems such as self-regulation since it is influenced by multiple factors.

ABSTRACT. Carol Weiss defines evaluation as “the systematic assessment of the operation and/or the outcomes of a program or policy, compared to a set of explicit or implicit standards, as a means of contributing to the improvement of the program or policy. At science contexts evaluation is a natural issue as a mechanism of certification and control of research quality. The Research Evaluation topic has been the object of intense study both for its importance for multiple purposes, and as for theoretical development model system on continuous increase of quality of research performance and societal and innovation impact. The objective of this exploratory study is to capture the intellectual structure of Research Evaluation. Using networks citations we capture the latent building blocks and drivers of this theme. Data visualization and visual analytics were helpful to make an exploration of literature background; by observing citation networks and its clusters we identify key papers (seminal and highest papers) that support different areas of Research Evaluation.

The main result is the Citation map with six clusters, where each cluster gives us a quick overview of those interlinked territories that provide an understanding of those different knowledge areas. This is a clear picture of this topic, useful for academic scholars, novice researchers and the practical stakeholders, interest on research evaluation policy or on research evaluation implementation and its management implications. The evolution of Research Evaluation can be divided into 3 stages: 1- traditional peer review; 2 - actual bibliometric analytic focus and 3 - emerging scientific merit of research with quali and quantitative mix approach at project and networks levels. This study is the starting point for a deep literature review on “research evaluation”. The importance of the research evaluation as a public policy issue at a global scale has been established and has been a significant interest in the research community to evaluate the research activities through the use of the scientometric method.

Research evaluation can be used for multiple purposes: to provide accountability; for analysis and learning; for funding allocation; for advocacy and networking. Research evaluation is an umbrella concept that crosses diverse micro, meso and macro scales for many purposes and performed with different approaches. This complexity can bring fragmented and misuse of the concept. This problem calls for a clear mapping territory concept.

The aim of this paper is to explore the intellectual background structure of “research evaluation” topic. With the expansion of Research Evaluation practices at organization, institution and country levels, a number of research theories, topics and results have been published within this interdisciplinary theme.

The object of study is Research Evaluation. Because research is a relevant activity that creates new knowledge, products and processes there is a need to evaluate this activity. We aim to understand the state of art of Research Evaluation topic and clarify this concept. Consequently, our main research question is: What is Research Evaluation?

To achieve the answer to this question we start by performing an exploratory study in order to identify some key blocks related to the structure of this topic by searching answers to the following specific questions: a) What are the seminal, core, relevant and review documents on Research Evaluation topic? b) What are the structural properties of scientific publication? c) What is the intellectual latent structure that drives Research Evaluation? In January 2018 a search on Web of Science ® (WoS) inside some of its databases (SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI ) was performed in the field TOPIC with the terms: "research evaluation" OR "research assessment" OR "research measurement". The TOPIC includes searching in title, abstract, Author Keywords and Keywords Plus®. The terms were chosen because the use of these terms appears in a related way.

The period selected was 2006 to 2017, and the search resulted in 1,483 publications. Those publications were analyzed as follows: a) a description of the properties of our sample literature in terms of measures such as the number of articles on Research Evaluation topic, the most prolific journals, types of documents and the annual distribution of publication; b) the identification of the intellectual structure, divides in two steps: first, the decomposition of the sample literature into disciplinary and subject categories; second, a visualization of intellectual structure using network analysis The evolution stage and the consolidated stage were captured by analyzing the six clusters of publications. The qualitative assessment of the citation networks identify the characteristics of those cluster related to their seminal and most cited documents. Some tipping points were identified by linking some core publications.

An important finding from this result is that the research on the research evaluation theme is the interdisciplinary nature of its background with a broad scientific interest and practice application. Research Evaluation can be related to performance as a measurable result. Another main idea is related to research evaluation implementation; despite the controversies that research evaluation entails, there is a growing need for changes that call for the wise use of models, tools, and indicators. The use of performance-based research can bring positive consequences (accountability and transparency) but there is a need to combine quantitative and qualitative participative approaches in order to avoid perverse impacts.

ABSTRACT. To introduce premedical students to the medical profession, a semester-long project was designed to promote experiential learning (EL) among native Arabic speaking students enrolled in an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) course at a branch campus of an American medical college in Qatar. Using a case study methodology, the research investigated the effects of EL on professional identity formation of first-year Arab premedical students. The study used a purposive sample of 16 students who participated in the eight-week EL project that took place at a local healthcare facility in the Spring semester of 2019. Data collection methods included students’ weekly guided reflections entries. Based on a thematic analysis of the students' reflections, the results generated five recurrent themes: teamwork, professionalism, empathy, leadership, and barriers to healthcare. The study results suggest that the EL experience has strengthened students' choice of a medical career track, uncovered the attributes of healthcare practitioners, and deepened their understanding of the role of the human dimension in medicine. Undergraduate medical education can benefit premedical students by adopting an early experiential learning experience to build their professional identity.

ABSTRACT. In the continuously growing methodological pool of modern social research, the content analysis remains widely applied method (Hsieh & Shannon, 2005) and potentially one of the most important research techniques (Krippendorff, 2018; Neuendorf, 2016) applicable to qualitative and quantitative data. With this method, verbal, written or visual information could be researched. Today, when social media is gaining increasing importance, content analysis can be applied to examine social media short texts. Many scientists, who apply content analysis, manually read and analyze texts. Although, computer programs could be applied at two phases of content analysis. Firstly, for storing, analyzing and reporting research data, and secondly – for automatic screening of texts, identifying and coding of words and phrases (Macnamara, 2005). The aim of this scoping review was to identify nature and extent of methods and tools for automatic content analysis (ACA) of social media short texts. The following research question were addressed: i) how the automatic content analysis tools are used for the empirical analysis of social media short texts? ii) what is size, scope and characteristics of tools and technologies used in empirical automatic content analysis research? Scoping review methodology (Arksey & O’Malley, 2005) was applied for data collection from empirical articles and web portals, systematically mapping the scientific literature and newest knowledge available on the topic; identifying automatic content analysis categories and popular techniques, sources of empirical evidence and gaps in scholar research. In this scoping review, ACA categories (classification of texts; text segmentation; text clustering; text retrieval; text extraction; natural language processing; study for specific language; machine learning (including deep learning); working with specific language analysis tools) were identified from empirical articles and web portals. Associated research questions: how to identify text? How to collect text? How to preprocess text for analysis? How to prepare specific language text? How to analyze text? were discussed. The categories were grouped following Nunez-Mir, Iannone, Pijanowski et al. (2016) to i) identifying; ii) defining; and iii) analyzing, classifying & mapping. The scoping review showed, that ACA tools could be applied to categorize all forms of content (e.g. Faraz, 2015); predict conditions and processes from social media short texts (e.g. De Choudhury, Gamon, Counts et al., 2013); explore influences and powers; judgements, interactions and decisions (e.g. Riff, Lacy, Fico et al., 2019); and make general insights. Automatic prediction and evaluation could be done by quantifying educational and psychosocial parameters from the use of normative or non-standard language specific words and terms in mediated texts. Forecasting could be developed using large multifunctional models of mathematical regression or support vector machines. Social insights and predictions could be measured by repeated univariate (or bivariate) analyses. In scoping review, the most widely used ACA technologies for social media short texts analysis were grouped into two classes- i) specific software tools that are user-friendly (e.g. Leximancer) or require coding (e.g. Mallet or Stanford TMT) and ii) programming language packages and libraries (e.g. R or Python). Although, ACA is a rapidly growing method widely applied in empirical research; different ACA tools and techniques exist, this scoping review discussed the common gaps and draw the recommendations for application of automated content analysis for social scientists.

ABSTRACT. Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is progressive chronic disorder of central nervous system and the most common neurological cause of disability in the adults people (Rosiak & Zagożdż, 2017). More than 2.5 million individuals suffer from MS worldwide (Sharifi, Borhani & Abbaszadeh, 2016). The young individuals aged between 20 and 40 years are mainly affected. A higher frequency of MS is seen in women they are affected twice as often as men (Huang, Chen, & Zhang, 2017). Living with a chronic illness and uncertainty regarding the prognosis of MS disorder leads to extensive changes in the daily life of patients (Sharifi, Borhani & Abbaszadeh, 2016). The diagnosis and the disease itself influence the dignity of individuals with MS; both have many devastating consequences in personal and social life, e.g. dependence on others in performing activities of daily living, functional limitations, depression, speech problems, unemployment, social isolation (Dehghnani, Dehghnan Nayeri, & Ebadi, 2018; Dehghnani, Dehghnan Nayeri, & Ebadi 2017; Bašić Kes et al., 2013). MS disorder threatens dignity, personal autonomy, independence, life planning and can potentially limit the achievement of life goals (Costello, & Kalb 2018). Individuals with MS have low self-esteem and low self-confidence, they have feelings of guilt and uselessness, and they feel stigmatization and rejection in social relations (Sharifi, Borhani & Abbaszadeh, 2016; Lohne et al., 2010). Aims: To identify and interpret dignity from the perspective of a woman with relapsing-remitting type of MS (RR-MS). Sample: An individual case study included a 25-years-old woman with MS disorder duration of four years. In our interview, we changed the original name of the woman to Olivia. She was single and she lived with her boyfriend in a common household. In that time, RR-MS was in remission, the woman had gait abnormalities without balance abnormalities; she did not use any ambulatory assistive devices (walking aid). She was adherent to the treatment regimen and she showed compliance with the prescribed pharmacotherapy by a medical doctor. Methods: An interpretative phenomenological analysis was chosen as a study design. A semi-structured interview (according to the interview protocol) was used for data collection. The interview was audio-recorded and transcribed full verbatim soon afterwards for a later analysis. The data were analysed using an interpretative phenomenological analysis method in ATLAS.ti 8 programme. This study was approved by Ethics Committee …... The participant was informed about the aim of the study both in writing (for the first) and verbally (immediately before the interview) and she was assured of confidentiality and anonymity. Moreover, Olivia was informed that she could discontinue the interview at any time. Results: Olivia related the dignity to five core themes: “Fulfilling life”; “As I´m seen by others”; “To be dependent – rather don´t think about it”; Healthcare professionals – “Whatever I need, they will help me”; Healthcare professionals – “It was a catastrophe”. According to Olivia, a fulfilling life can only be lived by a full-fledged person who can adjust to a common pace of everyday life. She sensitively perceived the fulfilling life with the way the others see her. If the others treat her unequally, she considers it undignified to herself. Olivia´s dignity was threatened by gait disability and function limitations in performing daily life activities. Because of the progression of the disease, she needs help and becomes more dependent on others. Olivia said: "I will always need someone, including healthcare professionals, who will be with me ... whatever happens, I still need someone". Olivia tried not to think about it because getting the help means also to admit the “failure of controlling” her own disease. She labels the dignity as “flabby” in this context. For maintaining dignity, Olivia considered the attitude of the healthcare professionals, their communication, and the atmosphere during the care as very important and she perceived them very sensitively. On the other side, Olivia had also negative experiences with healthcare professionals who did not take her problems seriously. She felt undignified when healthcare professionals were unable to listen to her and they were unwilling to help with solving her problems. In this context, she was also willing to change healthcare facilities including a healthcare staff. Dignity is the topic that is very sensitive for Olivia. Talking about the dignity from her perspective was accompanied by weeping, crying and sadness. Conclusion: Human dignity is a central concept in nursing care and the caring professions (Manookian, Cheraghi, & Nasrabadi, 2013). For healthcare professionals it is important to understand that the patients with relapsing type of MS must follow treatment regimens, monitor their condition, adapt to changes and regularly make decisions about whether they need to seek care or are able to handle their problem on their own. Moreover, in the context of dignity to understand the experience from the perspective of participants with this chronic disorder and saturate the demands of the patient-centred health care (a patient-centred approach) as a comprehensive care in MS (Halper, 2008). Based on the results of our case study, in patients with MS, physical dependence is experienced as a failure and loss of control and independency and it leads to violation of dignity (Jacobson, 2012). Not thinking about it is a coping strategy to manage the life situations, it contributes to the maintenance of dignity, especially in reduction of functional capacity (Oosterveld-Vlug et al., 2014).

Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the woman research participant for her commitment in this study. The study was supported by research project VEGA 1/0090/17: Dignity of Patients with Neurological Disease in the Context of Health Care: Interpretative Phenomenological Approach.

References Bašić Kes, V. B., Čengić L., Cesarik, M., Tomas, A. J., Zavoreo, I., Matovina, L. Z., Ćorić, L., Drnasin, S., Demarin, V. (2013). Quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Clinica Croatia, 52(1),107-111. Costello, K., & Kalb, R. (2018). The use of disease-modifying therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Principles and Current Evidence. [on-line]. Multiple Sclerosis Coalition, original July 2014. Updated September 2018. 72 pp. [cit. 2019-06-06]. Available from: http://www.nationalmssociety.org/getmedia/5ca284d3-fc7c-4ba5-b005-ab537d495c3c/DMT_Consensus_MS_Coalition_color. Dehghani, A., Dehghnan Nayeri, N., & Ebadi, A. (2017). Antecedents of Coping with the Disease in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Qualitative Content Analysis. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 5(1), 49–60. Dehghani, A., Dehghnan Nayeri, N., & Ebadi, A. (2018). Features of Coping with Disease in Iranian Multiple Sclerosis Patients: a Qualitative Study. Journal of Caring Sciences, 7(1), 35–40. Halper, J. (2008). Comprehensive Care in Multiple Sclerosis – A patient-centred Approach. European Neurological Review, 3(2), 72-74. doi: http://doi.org/10.17925/ENR.2008.03.02.72 Huang, W-J., Chen, W-W., Zhang, X. (2017). Multiple Sclerosis: Pathology, diagnosis and treatments. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 13(6), 3163–3166. Jacobson, N. (2012). Dignity and Health. Nashville: Vanderbilt University press. Lohne, V., Aasqaard, T., Caspari, S., Slettebø, A., Nåden, D. 2010). The lonely Battle for dignity: Individuals struggling with Multiple Sclerosis. Nursing Ethics, 17(3), 301–311. Manookian, A., Cheraghi, M.A., & Nasrabadi, A.N. (2013). Factors influencing patients´ dignity: A qualitative study. Nursing Ethics, 21 (3), 323–334. doi: 10.1177/0969733013498526. Oosterveld-Vlug, M. G., Pasman, H. W., Van Gennip, I. E., Muller, M. T., Willems, D.L., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D. (2014). Dignity and the factors that influence it according to nursing home residents: a qualitative interview study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(1), 97–106. doi: 10.1111/jan.12171. Rosiak, K., & Zagożdż, P. (2017). Quality of life and social support in patients with multiple sclerosis. Psychiatria Polska (Polish Psychiatry), 51(5), 923–935. doi: https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/64709. Sharifi, S., Borhani, F., & Abbaszadeh, A. (2016). Factors affecting dignity of patients with multiple sclerosis. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 30(4), 731–740. doi: 10.1111/scs.12299.

ABSTRACT. Abstract Introduction: Dignity is one of the most important phenomenon in healthcare practice (van Gennip et al., 2013; Jacobson, 2012). There are several theories like Jacobson (2012) or Nordenfeld (2009) describing patients’ dignity in context of healthcare. These theories show that dignity is not only moral value but also vital phenomenon of people lived experience connected with someone’s identity, integrity and social life. Jacobson (2012) in General theory of dignity distinguishes two basic dimensions of dignity: Human dignity and Social dignity. Human dignity is the abstract, universal value that belongs to every human being, does not matter on concrete condition and situation. Social dignity is divided to Dignity-of-self based on quality of self-respect or self-worth and identity and Dignity-in-relation based on ways in which respect and worth are conveyed through expression and recognition. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is unpredictable neurodegenerative diseases with dramatic impact on patient’s life. The presence of a wide range of symptoms and their deterioration causes the disability and a gradual dependence on help and care, which has also significant impact on dignity of the people with MS (Lohne et al., 2010). From this point of view, there is a necessity for health caregiver to realise how people with MS understand their own dignity. Aim and design: Main aim of this case study is to explore how man with MS experiences own dignity. For this purpose, the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis - IPA (Smith, Flowers, & Larkin, 2009) was adopted for a study design. IPA is based on phenomenology, hermeneutic and idiographic approach. The study presented partial result of larger research project focused on dignity of people with chronic neurodegenerative disease. Participant: A purposive sampling was used to find male with desired lived experience in the line with IPA. Our participant (Oliver) was 43 years-old married man with higher education. He suffered from MS for 14 years. The authors have no previous relationship with participant. The name of participant was changed to protect confidentiality. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of …………………….. Methods: Semi-structured interview guided by protocol was conducted in daily centre of University hospital in Middle Slovakia in January 2018. After initial question followed research questions like: what does dignity mean for you, how does MS influence your sense of dignity. Interview was audio-taped and transcribed verbatim and was done by second author. Analysis followed the IPA process by Smith, Flowers, & Larkin (2009): Reading and rereading, Initial noting, Developing emergent themes, Searching for connections across emergent themes. Analytical process was done by first and second author separately. Final analysis and interpretation was created by consensus and peer debriefing with another two authors. These methodological strategies were used to increase and support rigor and trustworthiness of the study. Results: Based on analysis, six themes seem to be essential for man participant’s sense of dignity: (1) I will fight; (2) I don't want to say: "I'm an outsider, but I am in a group of outsiders"; (3) Shame; (4) My wife and father knows how to support me; (5) Respect - help from colleagues; (6) Healthcare - "It was terrible" versus "I cannot say bad word". Oliver’s sense of dignity-of-self has been strongly affected by announcement of his diagnosis and he has never fully accepted the fact of being an ill person. On the one side, his reaction was that the previous "normal" life is totally lost and the future is "dark" and unpredictable. On the other side, he had started to fight, but still with the question: "Why me?". Oliver felt like "outsider" due to problems with mobility, sexuality, loss of sport activities, fatigue and urinary problems. Oliver’s sense of dignity-of-self and dignity-in-relation was strongly violated by shame because of his feeling that everyone sees his disabilities and he felt like "naked". Oliver’s dignity-in-relation was preserved and promoted by the fact that his family (especially his father and wife) offered him the support and also his colleagues respected him at work. The fact that Oliver was still employed was very positive, because he felt worthy and it maintained his sense of dignity-of-self. Oliver´s sense of dignity (dignity-in-relation) was promoted by the possibility of his participation in a local fishing organization (He was responsible for management of activities and education of children and adults). The ambiguity is seen in the relation with healthcare. On the one hand, his sense of dignity was violated by grouping him with people in worst conditions like he was in hospital. On the other hand, his sense of dignity was promoted by good quality of care and interaction with health caregiver (dignity-in-relation). Conclusion: Oliver’s case explored how MS strongly affected his sense of dignity. The sense of dignity is dynamic phenomenon (van Gennip et al., 2015) with a variety of influencing factors. In his case, ambiguity between "fighter" and "outsider" was essential for sense of dignity. This ambiguity has grown up from the loss of previous life and from the need to cope with this fact. The case study also shown that deeper understanding of the unique lived experience of people with MS is crucial for person-centered care and also for tailored supportive interventions during provision of health care.

Acknowledgments The study was supported by research project VEGA 1/0090/17: Dignity of patients with neurological disease in the context of health care: interpretative phenomenological approach. The authors are grateful to participant for his commitment to the study. References Jacobson, N. (2012). Dignity and health. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press. Lohne, V., Aasgaard, T., Caspari, S., Slettebø, A., & Naden, D. (2010). The Lonely Battle for Dignity: Individuals Struggling with Multiple Sclerosis. Nursing Ethics, 17(3), 301–311. Nordenfelt, L. (2009). The Concept of Dignity. In L. Nordenfelt (Ed.), Dignity in Care for Older People, (pp. 26-53). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. London: Sage Publications. van Gennip, I. E., Pasman, H. R. W., Oosterveld-Vlug, M. G., Willems, D. L., & Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D. (2013). The development of a model of dignity in illness based on qualitative interviews with seriously ill patients. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(8), 1080–1089. van Gennip, I. E., Pasman, H. R. W., Oosterveld-Vlug, M. G., Willems, D. L., & Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D. (2015). Dynamics in the sense of dignity over the course of illness: A longitudinal study into the perspectives of seriously ill patients. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(11), 1694-704.

ABSTRACT. The process of Triangulation of data has over the years expanded its collaboration in qualitative research, mainly by the adhesion of several researchers and scientists who are dedicated to the field of research in Education. Known mainly for its ability to combine different methods of data collection, Triangulation has consolidated itself as an effective tool for both textual analysis and empirical data analysis, grouped into its different universes. In addition to its traditional use, this resource has also been used as a viable instrument for the validation and comparison of data collected in field studies, qualitative, which lack reliability and checking, when dealing with collections involving structured interviews or semistructured. The field of qualitative research, which deals with data validation, has a wide debate about its assumptions, ranging from theories of use of quantitative methods to qualitative research, the use of mixed methods, to discussions that purge any perspective of validation for qualitative data. In view of this situation, the Research, Education and Technologies Group of Tiradentes University (GPETEC), in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, has developed in recent years successful experiences in the field of validation of research data in the field of Education and its Technologies , using triangulation as a way to promote greater reliability to the inputs obtained from various sources of data collection, such as case studies, focus group research, systematic observations, bibliographic data comparison, and so on. Triangulation is one of the analytical procedures for the interpretation of qualitative data, which can be used in three different dimensions, depending on the context in which it is used, and thus has conceptual differences, which can lead to misunderstandings in its interpretation and understanding. According to Coutinho (2011), in a first dimension, Triangulation is used for evaluation applied to programs, projects, disciplines, etc. In the evaluation process, its conceptualization becomes comprehensive and complex, encompassing different variables, among them, the need to have external evaluators, in addition to the internal ones, and that, preferably, they are of different formations, allowing the combination and crossing of multiple points by sight. In a second dimension, related to data collection, Triangulation allows the researcher to make use of three or more techniques, with a view to expanding the informational universe around its research object, using, for example, , focus group, interview, questionnaire application, among others. In a third dimension, we have the use of Triangulation to analyze the information collected. In this sense, the technique predicts two distinct moments: validation and confrontation. These two moments are articulated dialectically, favoring a perception of totality about the object of study and the unity between the theoretical and empirical aspects, being that articulation responsible for printing the character of scientificity to the study, and, finally, to confer information security collected, analyzing and excluding external factors that may have interfered during the data collection process. Galeffi (2015) analyzes, in the contemporaneousness, the reliability of the variables as a movement of consistency of the qualitative research, believing that this is the only way to obtain a Scientific Rigor, so that it is possible to reveal its usefulness and its generative dynamics in the living fabric of current existential relations, according to specific contexts and favorable material and educational conditions. Validity in qualitative research is a delicate field, discussed and interpreted by several researchers as a challenge to be overcome by scientists in this field. In the area of Education, for example, validation of data and collected data and confirmation procedures for these data may result in the development of misguided pedagogical plans, and time wasting to complete analyzes and diagnoses. Creswell (2017) treats data validation in qualitative research as the ability to know whether a given object and set of subjects can obtain important and useful inferences from the comparison of these data. The three traditional forms of validity to be sought, through Triangulation, are: content validity, preventive validity, and construction validity. The validity of content, applied especially for bibliographical investigations, is based on the assembly of specific comparative tables, called analytical tables, that favor the brief visualization of the information, in a single space, allowing the researcher to identify the divergences or convergences of the various authors researched The preventive validity, especially applied when the data collection is done through interviews and questionnaires, is the one in which certain characteristics of the group studied are previously raised that may interfere with their responses. Thus, for the preventive validity, it should be used in the questionnaire wild questions that intends to verify this aspect. The validity of construction is the use of the crossing of several data collection means, such as interviews and observations, and the dialogue of the results found with the studied group itself. In this model of validation, Triangulation is only conducted by the researcher, insofar as the data collected are confirmed or not by the hearing and debate of the group studied, which in this technique can identify several research deviations, the group's lack of understanding of the objectives and real implications of the proposed study. Thus, Galeffi (2015) believes that Triangulation is consolidated in contemporary times as an effective resource in the conduction of tensions that present valid solutions to the science of Education, allowing the approximation of an epistemological understanding articulated in segmental totalities, in the whole and in the parts, or moments of totalization in the levels of constitution of the lived research experience. Thus, in this study, the researchers of the Research, Education and Technologies Group of the Tiradentes University (GPETEC), analyzed through a research carried out by a graduate student, where, during the elaboration of his thesis, he used Triangulation in his three (Validity of Content, Preventive Validity and Construction Validity), and verified the collaboration of this resource for reliability in the process of analysis of variables carried out in public and private educational institutions in Brazil, and greater safety of the researcher when producing inferences regarding the study.

ABSTRACT. Motivated by the multilingual situation of the Algerian speech community, this study is interested in how this multilinguality is reflected on social media practices of Algerians, namely the use of Facebook, and how it is combined with other online modes, namely photos and videos, to express different meanings. Algeria constitutes a multilingual speech community because of historical and educational reasons. Most Algerians speak Algerian-Arabic, which is a non-standard spoken dialect, as their mother tongue. They learn Modern-standard Arabic, which is the official standard language, at school and they use it for writing and formal occasions. In addition, they learn French and English as first and second foreign languages respectively. Equipped with at least these four codes, code here is a neutral term that refers to languages and language varieties, the literature shows that Algerians tend to switch between Algerian-Arabic and French when they speak (Ahmed-Sid, 2008; Bagui, 2014). Intrigued by whether this practice is also carried out on Facebook, a preliminary study of a quantitative design was conducted. Results show that Algerians’ posts and comments on Facebook are also multilingual. In that, Algerians use a variety of codes across their comments and they even use more than one code in single comments (Author, 2018). Informed by these results, the present study is a qualitative enquiry of how Algerians use these codes to communicate intended meanings. The study is not limited to language use, but it also incorporates the use of different modes into analysis. In order to attain this aim, the theory of translanguaging is adopted. Translanguaging was selected because it, first, views mixing different codes as an intelligent way of expressing intended communicative goals (Li, 2017). This view is also adopted in the study as a reaction to the negative attitudes that often characterize the speech of Algerians. Algerians are notorious for having hybrid, corrupted and bizarre speech due to the heavy mixing of Algerian-Arabic and French when they speak (Khalifi, n.d.). This study addresses this mixing as a creative way of achieving the intended meanings. Second, translanguaging enables the inclusion of other modes available on Facebook in the Analysis because translanguaging by definition is about going beyond language to account for other modes of expression (Li, 2011). Having said that, Facebook walls of four selected Algerian participants were observed and posts that were posted from February 2018 to February 2019 were collected. This yielded a corpus of 919 posts, 86% of which included the use of different modes (Photos, videos, links and posts) and 56% included text (be it monolingual or multilingual). For the purposes of the present paper, selected posts from only one participant would be presented. Anis is a young Algerian whose mother tongue is Algerian-Arabic and who is competent in Modern-Standard Arabic and is also fluent in French and English. He uses Facebook daily and 61 posts were collected from his wall. All of his posts share either a photo or a video and he uses text with them. Coding for the theme of his posts followed a grounded theory approach where categories for coding emerged from the data and the salient cases were highlighted for more in-depth qualitative analysis (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). Coding revealed that 49% of Anis’ posts are subsumed under the category of the theme ‘influential’. In that, Anis tries to spread positive energy by sharing optimistic quotes and by setting a good example for his fellow Facebook friends and asking them to do as he does. He uses a combination of codes and modes to achieve that. To take one example, in the post below, Anis posted about one’s heritage and traditions or as he refers to it, ones’ roots. He wrote in English ‘never forget where you came from but never let that hold you back from where you want to go. Don't forget your roots’. He then inserts a winking eye emojie and then switches to Modern-Standard Arabic to write the translation of the phrase ‘do not forget your roots’. Underneath, he shares a personal photo of himself in a traditional outfit with one of his friends. It is interesting that Anis in this case used both the photo and the mixing between codes to enhance the message he wants to communicate to his friends. He started his post in English to write about the importance of finding a balance between relating to one’s heritage but still advancing and coping with the development of the world. Then, he switches to Modern-Standard Arabic to hint that although he, himself, is using English, he should not forget about his ‘roots’, that is being Arab and speaking Arabic, so he used Modern-Standard Arabic. Another purpose for the switch could relate to the addressees themselves. That is because he is addressing Algerians who are not necessarily all fluent in English that he provided a translation in Modern-Standard Arabic to maximize his audience. Using Modern-Standard Arabic in this case as opposed to the Spoken dialect Algerian-Arabic enables Anis to depict the persona of an educated influencer that is worthy of being listened to and followed. Using the winking eye emojie in between the English and the Modern-Standard Arabic translation reinforces the first interpretation of the switch to Modern-Standard Arabic for setting an example. Using this emojie Anis is sending a message of ‘I will be the first to listen to this advice’ and the photo is sending the same message. Although his friend and some people that are showing in the background are wearing casual outfits, he opted for a traditional outfit to show that he is not forgetting his roots. Accordingly, Anis has used a combination of codes with a mode to convey this intended meaning. Conclusion This study is about the use of codes and modes that are available to Algerians on Facebook to communicate meaning. Analysis above has shown that Anis used both English and Modern-Standard Arabic with a photo to being an influencer in communicating ideas about the importance of one’s heritage.

ABSTRACT. According to Berger (1977), there is a “fundamental connection between visualization and the organization of human existence, of being in the world” (p. 7). Mitchell (1995) has long advocated the presence of a ‘pictorial turn’ where the realm of the visual has been recognized as important as the realm of language (or even more important than) in the study of culture. Mitchell (2015) even approaches images as true objects of investigation, (what he calls an “image science”), in which it might make it possible to approach pictures the same way that empirical sciences approach natural phenomena. Is it possible to work on a method of studying images that overcomes the “two-culture split” between natural and human sciences? Mitchell’s theory allows thinking about the use of the visual element in qualitative research, which is materialized in the so-called “visual movement” (Heisley, 2001). Visual methodologies have always been a reality in behavioural sciences, such as the case of Visual Anthropology (Collier, 1967; Collier & Collier, 1986), but it was only in the 1990s that it extends across social sciences, starting with Harper (2002) in Visual Sociology. The use of visual methods emerged as a field of study defined by Rose (2006, see also Banks, 2007 and Stanczak, 2007) as "Visual Research Methods" (VRM), which is in an initial, but developing phase of qualitative research (Athelstan & Deller, 2013).

A new context, framed by a visual culture paradigm, it is revealed by the researchers who, as we know, are much more sensitive to what surrounds them, especially in qualitative research. Based on this, there is growing evidence that visual methods and visual data mark a shift in qualitative research. A new reality characterized by visual culture requires new approaches, new methods and new techniques. With all these, the element of data analysis emerges as a fundamental issue and the use of Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) packages began to offer similar possibilities for visual qualitative data analysis. Nevertheless, there is a lack of discussion of the practical or technical procedures for analysing qualitative data using software in the social science literature (Silver & Patashnick, 2011), mainly related to audio-visual data analysis. In relation to visual data, Silver & Patashnick (2011) also claimed that, due to their multidimensionality, visual elements can only be described and not transcribed.

Consequently, since this is a recent field of research, this paper emerges from the following needs (Rodrigues, Pedro & Moreira, 2018): (i) to summarize existing evidence concerning visual methods and the use of CAQDAS tools and their increased uptake for visual analysis; (ii) to identify where there are gaps in current research in order to help determine where further investigation might be needed; and (iii) to help position new research activities. Based on these reasons, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) will help obtain an objective summary of research evidence concerning this topic by producing better quality reviews and evaluations. A SLR plays a vital role both in supporting further research effort and providing unbiased syntheses and interpretation of the findings in a reliable manner.

With this in mind, the purpose of this study is to examine the existing literature on the use of visual methods and data analysis within qualitative approaches in order to truly understand the potential of visual research as a research method. Based on this, the following questions were used to conduct this SLR:

RQ1: What type of visual research and methods has been used in the qualitative research field? RQ2: What type of visual data analysis has been used in qualitative research? RQ3: How have CAQDAS tools been used for visual methods and data analysis and what are their main functionalities?

This paper includes four main components: (1) a systematic review of visual research and visual methods that have been applied in qualitative research, based on pre-defined inclusion criteria. The assumption here is that the literature review can be considered a form of content-analysis (Pinho & Leite, 2014); (2) incorporation and categorization of review findings in the Mendeley database; (3) the use of CAQDAS tools for content analysis to organize and manage data and to code bibliographic categories to make the review process more systematic, faster and reliable (Costa et al., 2017, cited in Pinho et al., 2019); and (4) including an initial conceptual framework about the coordination of Visual Research/Visual Methods/Visual Data/CAQDAS.

This SLR review used PRISMA guidelines and flow chart. The PRISMA guidelines include a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram with the essential items for transparency in conducting literature reviews (Moher et al., 2009). Eligibility criteria were the following: alignment with current study focus and research questions; published between 1990-2019; published in English; only articles; only in journals; final publication stage; only journals related to qualitative methods were considered. The electronic database considered was Scopus as a starting point and the following search terms were used: ( "visual research" OR "visual methods" OR "visual data") resulting in 220 articles and ("CAQDAS" OR "QDAS" OR "software" OR "digital tools") resulting in 210 articles.

In conclusion, this study aims to present the findings of a SLR about visual research methods, and the use of CAQDAS and their main functionalities for analyzing visual data, based on papers published in qualitative method journals between 1990-2019. In addition, the study also aims to identify where there are gaps in current research in order to help determine where further investigation might be needed, contributing to positioning new research activities in this field, particularly in the use of CAQDAS in analyzing visual data, and exploring their main functionalities. References Athelstan, A., & Deller, R. (2013). Visual methodologies (Editorial). Graduate Journal of Social Science, 10 (2), 9-19. Banks, M. (2007). Using visual data in qualitative research. UK: Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.

Berger, J. (1977). Ways of Seeing. London: Penguin.

Collier, J. Jr. (1967). Visual anthropology: photography as a research method. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

Collier, J. Jr., & Collier, M. (1986). Visual anthropology: photography as a research method. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

Costa, A. P., De Souza, F. N., Moreira, A., & De Souza D. N. (2017). Research through Design: Qualitative Analysis to Evaluate the Usuability. In A.P. Costa, L.P. Reis, F. Neri de Souza, A. Moreira, D. Lamas (Eds.). Computer Supported Qualitative Research (pp.1-12). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

De Souza, F. N., Costa, A. P., & Moreira, A. (2016). webQDA - Qualitative Data Analysis (version 3.0). Aveiro: Micro IO e Universidade de Aveiro. Retrieved from www.webqda.net

Harper, D. (2002). Talking about pictures: a case for photo elicitation. Visual Studies, 17, 13-26.

Heisley, D. D. (2001) Visual research: current bias and future direction. Advances in Consumer Research, 28, 45-47.

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097

Mitchell, W. J. T. (2015). Image science. USA: University Chicago Press.

Mitchell, W. J. T. (1994). Picture theory: essays on verbal and visual representation. USA: University Chicago Press.

Pinho, I., & Leite, D. (2014). Doing a Literature Review Using Content Analysis. Research Network Review. CIAIQ2014, Badajoz, Spain. Pinho, I., Pinho, C., & Costa, A. P. (2019). Knowledge Governance: Building a Conceptual Framework. Fronteiras: Journal of Social Technological and Environmental Sciences, 8 (1), 72-92 Rodrigues A.I., Costa A.P., Moreira A. (2019) Using CAQDAS in Visual Data Analysis: A Systematic Literature Review. In: Costa A., Reis L., Moreira A. (eds) Computer Supported Qualitative Research. WCQR 2018. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 861. Springer, Cham https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01406-3_20

Rose, G. (2016). Visual methodologies: an introduction to researching with visual materials. UK: Sage Publications.

Silver, C., & Patashnick, J. (2011). Finding fidelity: advancing audio-visual analysis using software. FQS Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 12 (1) Art. 37.

ABSTRACT. his study has the framework of critical qualitative research and consists of a content analysis of the regulations on students with special educational needs in the Portuguese higher education. After an online search, were found documents (orders/regulations) for 13 of the 15 universities that are part of the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities. The data collected allow us to conclude that students with special educational needs in Portuguese higher education are perceived in a broad sense of disability and special educational needs; it is not uniform the support provided to students with SEN; and support actions are mainly focused on ensuring attendance by improving accessibility and mobility conditions, as well as frequency and evaluation conditions.

ABSTRACT. This research explored the relationship between the viewer-rememberer and the photographs of a lifetime in their normative use. Based on their depicted-symbolic representation of reality, and its impact on meaning construction, the study focused on the way photographs can trigger reminiscences, help us revisit lived experiences, and reevaluate them through today’s lenses. In the existing literature, the photographs’ dual nature has revealed a close relationship between individuality, socio-cultural structure and interpretation (subjective–objective, Sontag, 1977; studium–punctum, Barthes, 1980; manifest–latent, Lesy, 1980; connoted–denoted, Mitchell, 1994; depicted–imaginative, Radley, 2011). Further, by encompassing non-linguistic information in the form of visual data, one has the potential of exploring psychological phenomena and unraveling the social and material conditions of life from a more pluralistic perspective (Reavey, 2011). The research questions addressed by this study included, therefore: how do fragments of past experience survive in somebody’s internal world, what is actually happening during recollection through photographic images, and how does the passage of time affect these? The choice of photo elicitation allowed for the determination of private categories of meaning on the basis of subjective imperatives and social structure, as manifested in the narrative of the respondents. Revisiting lived realities was then intertwined with a reevaluation of the past and linked to future aspirations. In the empirical part of this study, three individuals aged 43-78 were interviewed. The data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). During data analysis on the functions of past photographs in the lives of the respondents, self-empowerment emerged as a key phenomenon developing around three thematic axes: (a). through their use as evidence of past experience (b). by providing a sense of control over past recollections and (c).by their contribution to someone’s heritage to posterity. In particular, based on their content, the photographs selected by the participants were used as evidence illustrating: (a). developmental periods, (b). developmental milestones, (c). life events, (d). family life and events and (e). past accomplishments and activities. Photographs, also, provided a sense of control to their holders because he/she could decide on: (a). which photographs to keep, (b). which ones to put away or destroy, (c). which photographs to share with others, (d). the time frame of sharing them, and (e). the form in which the photographs will be presented (prints, in an album, framed, digital file). As a representation of a moment of past reality, photographs might then give the impression that someone has exclusive access to reminiscences, regulating them almost at will; if , when, and with whom to revisit them. Finally, through their use as a tangible substantiation of a life’s statement, photographs could be part of a person’s heritage to others. Family history and personal itinerary are then combined with the transmission of a life’s narrative to the next generation, in a single, volatile at times, and yet continuous piece of biography encompassing both. As a result, photographs were shown to be suggestive records influenced by the lived experience thereafter, with each recollection bearing with it the possibility for a new valuation and assessment of past instances. In their disrupting capacities to instigate unintended recollection, photographs accompanied the respondents to a pluralistic account “here and now”, of what was experienced “there and then”, leading to complex associations between the original experience and what had been lived and felt ever since, and highlighting the temporal character of meaning attribution. Past influence on the present and future was constant and reciprocal. (Hall, 1997; Forrester, 2000; Reavey and Johnson, 2008). The focus of the narrative was not on the photographs, but on the impact of subjective experience as “captioned” or “bookmarked” by them. The visual representation of a scene would then lead progressively, to its symbolic meaning as in “a frozen dream” (M. Lesy, 1980).Such oscillation between evoking factual data and the meaning attached by the viewer at each revisit could be a vehicle at wish to travel through life’s experience, while appreciating its complexity and multidimensionality. As its impact is not static overtime, it can be seen as a “being and becoming” dynamic which, in the narrative, is firmly projected to the future (Schacter, 1996). Assessing the role of context, in that sense, becomes more complex, alluding both to objective and subjective aspects. In the interviews, alongside additional information about the depicted as related to the narrative, one needed also to take into consideration the circumstances under which the viewer gets back to the picture each time. When used as evidence to the individual participant, in particular, the picture combines content and context into one, making the formation of the photograph-rememberer couple to acquire an intersubjective-like nature of one and the same person at different stages in life. A never ending process since, today’s life experience, becomes, soon enough, tomorrow’s memories of the past. The biographical narrative may then be seen, as a dynamic cluster of subjective experience, its recollection, re-evaluation and re-signification. The research results presented here could be used towards an appreciation of the strengths and challenges when applying photo elicitation in a phenomenological study, and a better integration of visual data in qualitative research on a multilayered account of subjective experience. Past photographs have been treated, here, neither as “mirroring past experience”, nor as “blank slates” devoid of any meaning before interpretation (Cronin, 1998). The re-signification of the past combined, instead, both depicted and connoted realities present in a photograph, and examined the ways in which making sense of the past was incorporated, each time, in the ever changing present of the viewer. Revisiting the past was thus treated as an interactive process bringing together elements of the biological, the psychic and the social determinants (S. D. Brown and P. Stenner, 2009). The resulting definition of “lived experience” is revealing of the subjective nature of the phenomenon, conditioned by long term structural tendencies and the gravitational force of historical truth.   Selected references Barthes, R. (1980) Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, Paris: Editions du Seuil. (Trans. by Howard, R. (1988), London: Jonathan Cape Ltd). Berntsen, D. (2009). Involuntary autobiographical memories: An introduction to the unbidden past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brown, S. D. and Stenner, P. (2009). Psychology without foundations: history, philosophy and psychosocial theory. London: Sage. Collier, J. & Collier, M. (1986). Visual anthropology: Photography as a research method. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Forrester, M. (2000). Psychology of the Image, Routledge. Hall, S. (1997). Representation: cultural representations and signifying practices. Buckingham: Open University Press. Harper, D. (2012). Visual sociology. London: Routledge. Kvale, S. 2003. The psychoanalytic interview as inspiration for qualitative research, in P. Camic, J. Rhodes, and L. Yardley (eds) Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design, 275–97. Washington, DC: APA Press. Lesy, M. (1980). Time Frames: The meaning of family pictures. Pantheon Books. Margolis, E. and Zunjarwad, R. (2005). Visual Research in Denzin and Lincoln, The Sage Hanbook of Qualitative Research, London, Sage Mitchell, W. J. T. (1994). Picture theory. University of Chicago Press. Prosser, J. (ed.) (2006). Image-based research: a sourcebook for qualitative researchers. London: Brunner Routledge. Radley, A. (2011). Image and Imagination, in P. Reavey, (eds) Visual Methods in Psychology, Psychology Press. Reavey, P. and Johnson, K. (2008). Visual approaches: using and interpreting images. In C. Willig and W. Stainton Rogers (eds) The Sage handbook of qualitative research. London: Sage. Reavey, P. (eds). (2011). Visual Methods in Psychology, Psychology Press. Rose, G. (2007). Visual methodologies: an introduction to the interpretation of visual materials. London: Sage. Schacter, D.L. (1996). Searching for Memory: The Brain, the Mind, and the Past. Basic Books. Sontag, S. (1977). On photography. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Wengraf, T. (2001). Qualitative Research Interviewing: Biographic Narrative and Semi-Structured Methods. London: Sage. Willig, C. and Stainton-Rogers, W. (eds). (2008). Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology, London: Sage.

ABSTRACT. Voluntary informed consent (VIC) procedures are intended to translate the principle of respect for persons into ethical research practice (Hoeyer & Hogle, 2014). Typically, potential research participants are provided written study information (e.g. about plausible risks and benefits, their right to decline or withdraw) and asked to sign quasi-legal forms affirming their consent, if they agree to participate. These procedures, which are expected by ethical review boards (Librett & Perrone, 2010), assume that potential participants will properly understand written information, and once informed, be able to provide consent voluntarily (autonomously and without coercion) (Afolabi et al., 2014). However, in postcolonial quantitative research consenting participants often misunderstand study information (Tam et al., 2015) and/or feel like they cannot say no (Molyneux, Wassenaar, Peshu, & Marsh, 2005). Evidence regarding (mis)understandings about VIC amongst qualitative research participants, which could be used to optimise ethical procedures and guidelines, is limited. My aim is to conceptualise if and why (mis)understandings related to VIC procedures occur amongst qualitative research participants in postcolonial settings. I documented the experiences of 18 participants who provided VIC for me to collect ethnographic data about their interactions as community co-researchers in one of two participatory action research (PAR) projects. The projects, which occurred in two postcolonial, southern African nations, Eswatini and South Africa, received separate ethical approvals. I used participant observation to record my perspectives of the co-researchers’ interactions in participatory workshops (as described in Self-ref-removed, 2019), which I designed and implemented to facilitate co-designing and co-implementing the PARs. Each project involved workshop activities in which the participants designed ethical procedures for their PAR and reflected on their experiences giving VIC as ethnographic research participants and obtaining VIC from community members participants in their PAR. I supplemented my participant observation data with interviews (South Africa) and focus groups discussions (Eswatini). Analysis of the combined data followed an abductive approach (Timmermans & Tavory, 2012) through which I identified recurring, novel and anomalous ideas, themes and phenomena and developed and refined possible theoretical interpretations of them, as I iteratively read and contrasted the empirical data and research ethics literature. My analysis was guided by Bourdieusian theory, which posits that everyday practices are informed by the practical logic of habitus, a construct that represents embodied historical experiences and their structured-structuring effects (Bourdieu, 1990). Participants valued the opportunity to sign and decide for themselves about participation. However, all participants misunderstood at least one aspect of study participation when they signed their consent form. Several reported signing despite not properly understanding (e.g. “my intention was to participate [but I wondered, by signing] am I not handing you, the facilitator great power to illtreat me” (Male, Eswatini)). Some expected benefits that were not mentioned in the study information (e.g. “To sign… It’s like are you giving me a part time job” (Male, South Africa)). Many held the equivalent of what biomedical researchers label “therapeutic misconceptions”, that is, they assumed benefits, albeit educational not medicinal (e.g. “[a] taste of being at the university, being taught by… Dr [NAME] (Male, South Africa)). Most participants perceived signing to be a quasi-legal, binding arrangement that signified their intention to cooperate with my research agenda (e.g. “a witness that the participant… will follow everything that is involved in the research” (Male, Eswatini). Many did not believe information they recalled reading about their right to decline or withdraw (e.g. “[I thought] of that as something written on the form [not]… the reality of what would actually happen” (Female, South Africa)). Participants’ understandings of the protective and respectful intentions of VIC developed as they experienced the workshops and watched me collect and heard me talk about my participant observation data. My reiterations of study information and presentations of research ethics theory also contributed to the participants better understanding the intent of VIC. For example, one reported, “I’ve learned… [that when] researching we are not forcing someone to answer” (Female, Eswatini). The participants’ misunderstandings were logical responses to their historical experiences (embodied as habitus) of hearing empty promises; signing away their rights; and/or having limited autonomy. For example, participants in South Africa spoke of their ancestors being tricked into signing over their land in the Apartheid-era. Those in Eswatini discussed how it was considered disrespectful to refuse participation in their chiefdom community. Participants’ misunderstandings were also structured by their desire for opportunities associated with power, including working for pay, going to university and/or signing forms, from which they had historically been excluded. These findings extend current knowledge of participant misunderstandings regarding VIC, by theoretically conceptualising why such misunderstandings arise in qualitative research. They suggest that in postcolonial contexts, the practice of signing forms is imbued with meanings that have little correspondence with the intention of VIC (i.e. respecting people’s autonomy). Given the power inequalities and deception that characterised the colonial-, and continue to characterise the postcolonial-era (Smith, 2013), participants’ tendencies to tacitly disregard written information which contradicted their lived experiences and/or assume benefits despite not fully understanding and/or perceiving potential for ill-treatment, theoretically represent logical and strategically calculated manoeuvres aimed at seizing whatever limited opportunities presented themselves (Bourdieu, 1990). Such manoeuvres arise due to lack of correspondence between the participants’ habitus and the field of academic research and ethics, in which they wanted to participate because of the opportunity they perceived it represented. Structured by the participants’ habitus these manoeuvres also structured their habitus to expect and respond differently in future situations, for example, to expect autonomy and understand they really can say no to future research. The results demonstrate that asking participants in postcolonial contexts to sign quasi-legal consent forms may introduce or exacerbate misunderstandings that undermine, rather than achieve, the intention of respecting participants’ autonomy. Because the act of signing is imbued with divergent meanings structured by lived experiences, providing more or better written study information is unlikely to ensure participants’ consent is either more informed or voluntary. Incorporating lived experiences that enable participants to understand firsthand the respectful intentions of VIC, can enhance ethical rigour in longitudinal qualitative studies like ethnographies.

References Afolabi, M. O., Okebe, J. U., Mcgrath, N., Larson, H. J., Bojang, K., & Chandramohan, D. (2014). Informed consent comprehension in A frican research settings. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 19(6), 625-642. Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Hoeyer, K., & Hogle, L. F. (2014). Informed consent: The politics of intent and practice in medical research ethics. Annual Review of Anthropology, 43, 347-362. Librett, M., & Perrone, D. (2010). Apples and oranges: ethnography and the IRB. Qualitative Research, 10(6), 729-747. Molyneux, C., Wassenaar, D., Peshu, N., & Marsh, K. (2005). ‘Even if they ask you to stand by a tree all day, you will have to do it (laughter)…!’: Community voices on the notion and practice of informed consent for biomedical research in developing countries. Social Science & Medicine, 61(2), 443-454. Smith, L. T. (2013). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples (2 Ed.). London, United Kingdom: Zed Books Ltd. Tam, N. T., Huy, N. T., Thoa, L. T. B., Long, N. P., Trang, N. T. H., Hirayama, K., & Karbwang, J. (2015). Participants’ understanding of informed consent in clinical trials over three decades: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 93(3), 186-198H. doi:10.2471/BLT.14.141390 Timmermans, S., & Tavory, I. (2012). Theory construction in qualitative research: From grounded theory to abductive analysis. Sociological theory, 30(3), 167-186.

ABSTRACT. A Qualitative exploratory study was carried out in a Gynecology ambulatory in a public hospital of the Galician Health Care Service (Spain). Purposive sampling (Pedraz-Marcos, Zarco-Colón, Ramasco-Gutiérrez, & Palmar-Santos, 2014) was used to recruit participants. The sample consisted of 17 participants aged between 21 and 52 with a confirmed diagnosis of CIN. 12 of them were in medical follow-up and 5 in medical follow-up after conization at the time of data collection. 17 semi-structured interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed by thematic analysis (Thorne, 2016). Multiple rigorous strategies were used, among them saturation of central analytical categories and triangulation of researchers for analysis verification. The ATLAS.ti software 7.5.10 was used.